9129767 6DQSHA39 1 apa 50 date desc year Haase 18 https://jhaase.scrippsprofiles.ucsd.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A50%2C%22request_next%22%3A50%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%2242VS7MAA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESep%26%23xFA%3Blveda%2C%20I.%2C%20Cao%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Murphy%2C%20M.%20J.%20%282023%29.%20Optimizing%20Simultaneous%20Water%20Level%20and%20Wave%20Measurements%20From%20Multi%26%23x2010%3BGNSS%20Interferometric%20Reflectometry%20Over%201%20Year%20at%20an%20Exposed%20Coastal%20Site.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20and%20Space%20Science%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%20e2022EA002767.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EA002767%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EA002767%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Optimizing%20Simultaneous%20Water%20Level%20and%20Wave%20Measurements%20From%20Multi%5Cu2010GNSS%20Interferometric%20Reflectometry%20Over%201%20Year%20at%20an%20Exposed%20Coastal%20Site%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ignacio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022EA002767%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222333-5084%2C%202333-5084%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EA002767%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-08-15T00%3A29%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UL9W2FI9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Cao%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-12-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECao%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Alexander%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Bramberger%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hertzog%2C%20A.%20%282022%29.%20Equatorial%20waves%20resolved%20by%20balloon-borne%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20radio%20occultation%20in%20the%20Strateole-2%20campaign.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E22%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2823%29%2C%2015379%26%23x2013%3B15402.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-15379-2022%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Facp-22-15379-2022%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Equatorial%20waves%20resolved%20by%20balloon-borne%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20radio%20occultation%20in%20the%20Strateole-2%20campaign%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bing%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20Joan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alexander%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Martina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bramberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Albert%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hertzog%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Abstract.%20Current%20climate%20models%20have%20difficulty%20representing%20realistic%20wave%5Cu2013mean%20flow%20interactions%2C%20partly%20because%20the%20contribution%20from%20waves%20with%20fine%20vertical%20scales%20is%20poorly%20known.%20There%20are%20few%20direct%20observations%20of%20these%20waves%2C%20and%20most%20models%20have%20difficulty%20resolving%20them.%20This%20observational%20challenge%20cannot%20be%20addressed%20by%20satellite%20or%20sparse%20ground-based%20methods.%20The%20Strateole-2%20long-duration%20stratospheric%20superpressure%20balloons%20that%20float%20with%20the%20horizontal%20wind%20on%20constant-density%20surfaces%20provide%20a%20unique%20platform%20for%20wave%20observations%20across%20a%20broad%20range%20of%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20scales.%20For%20the%20first%20time%2C%20balloon-borne%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20%28GNSS%29%20radio%20occultation%20%28RO%29%20is%20used%20to%20provide%20high-vertical-resolution%20equatorial%20wave%20observations.%20By%20tracking%20navigation%20signal%20refractive%20delays%20from%20GPS%20satellites%20near%20the%20horizon%2C%2040%5Cu201350%20temperature%20profiles%20were%20retrieved%20daily%2C%20from%20balloon%20flight%20altitude%20%28%5Cu223c20%5Cu2009km%29%20down%20to%206%5Cu20138%5Cu2009km%20altitude%2C%20forming%20an%20orthogonal%20pattern%20of%20observations%20over%20a%20broad%20area%20%28%5Cu00b1400%5Cu2013500%5Cu2009km%29%20surrounding%20the%20flight%20track.%20The%20refractivity%20profiles%20show%20an%20excellent%20agreement%20of%20better%20than%200.2%5Cu2009%25%20with%20co-located%20radiosonde%2C%20spaceborne%20COSMIC-2%20RO%2C%20and%20reanalysis%20products.%20The%20200%5Cu2013500%5Cu2009m%20vertical%20resolution%20and%20the%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20continuity%20of%20sampling%20make%20it%20possible%20to%20extract%20properties%20of%20Kelvin%20waves%20and%20gravity%20waves%20with%20vertical%20wavelengths%20as%20short%20as%202%5Cu20133%5Cu2009km.%20The%20results%20illustrate%20the%20difference%20in%20the%20Kelvin%20wave%20period%20%2820%20vs.%2016%5Cu2009d%29%20in%20the%20Lagrangian%20versus%20ground-fixed%20reference%20and%20as%20much%20as%20a%2020%5Cu2009%25%20difference%20in%20amplitude%20compared%20to%20COSMIC-2%2C%20both%20of%20which%20impact%20estimates%20of%20momentum%20flux.%20A%20small%20dataset%20from%20the%20extra%20Galileo%2C%20GLONASS%2C%20and%20BeiDou%20constellations%20demonstrates%20the%20feasibility%20of%20nearly%20doubling%20the%20sampling%20density%20in%20planned%20follow-on%20campaigns%20when%20data%20with%20full%20equatorial%20coverage%20will%20contribute%20to%20a%20better%20estimate%20of%20wave%20forcing%20on%20the%20quasi-biennial%20oscillation%20%28QBO%29%20and%20improved%20QBO%20representation%20in%20models.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-12-05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Facp-22-15379-2022%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221680-7324%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Facp.copernicus.org%5C%2Farticles%5C%2F22%5C%2F15379%5C%2F2022%5C%2F%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-01-09T23%3A35%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22E66JW5LL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zoe%20Yin%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-10-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZoe%20Yin%2C%20H.%2C%20Xu%2C%20X.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Douilly%2C%20R.%2C%20Sandwell%2C%20D.%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Mercier%20de%20Lepinay%2C%20B.%20%282022%29.%20Surface%20Deformation%20Surrounding%20the%202021%20Mw%26%23xA0%3B7.2%20Haiti%20Earthquake%20Illuminated%20by%20InSAR%20Observations.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120220109%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120220109%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Surface%20Deformation%20Surrounding%20the%202021%20Mw%5Cu00a07.2%20Haiti%20Earthquake%20Illuminated%20by%20InSAR%20Observations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Harriet%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zoe%20Yin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaohua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Roby%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Douilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sandwell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bernard%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mercier%20de%20Lepinay%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Earthquakes%20pose%20a%20major%20threat%20to%20the%20people%20of%20Haiti%2C%20as%20tragically%20shown%20by%20the%20catastrophic%202010%20Mw%5Cu00a07.0%20earthquake%20and%20more%20recently%20by%20the%202021%20Mw%5Cu00a07.2%20earthquake.%20Both%20events%20occurred%20within%20the%20transpressional%20Enriquillo%5Cu2013Plantain%20Garden%20fault%20zone%20%28EPGFZ%29%2C%20which%20runs%20through%20the%20southern%20peninsula%20of%20Haiti%20and%20is%20a%20major%20source%20of%20seismic%20hazard%20for%20the%20region.%20Satellite%5Cu2010based%20Interferometric%20Synthetic%20Aperture%20Radar%20%28InSAR%29%20data%20are%20used%20to%20illuminate%20the%20ground%20deformation%20patterns%20associated%20with%20the%202021%20event.%20The%20analysis%20of%20Sentinel%5Cu20101%20and%20Advanced%20Land%20Observation%20Satellite%20%28ALOS%29%5Cu20102%20InSAR%20data%20shows%20%281%29%5Cu00a0the%20broad%20coseismic%20deformation%20field%3B%20%282%29%5Cu00a0detailed%20secondary%20fault%20structures%20as%20far%20as%2012%5Cu00a0km%20from%20the%20main%20Enriquillo%5Cu2013Plantain%20Garden%20fault%20%28EPGF%29%2C%20which%20are%20active%20during%20and%20after%20the%20earthquake%3B%20and%20%283%29%5Cu00a0postseismic%20shallow%20slip%2C%20which%20migrates%20along%20an%20%5Cu223c40%5Cu00a0km%20unruptured%20section%20of%20the%20EPGF%20for%20approximately%20two%20weeks%20following%20the%20earthquake.%20The%20involvement%20of%20secondary%20faults%20in%20this%20rupture%20requires%20adjustments%20to%20the%20representation%20of%20hazard%20that%20assumes%20a%20simple%20segmented%20strike%5Cu2010slip%20EPGF.%20This%20work%20presents%20the%20first%20successful%20use%20of%20phase%20gradient%20techniques%20to%20map%20postseismic%20deformation%20in%20a%20vegetated%20region%2C%20which%20opens%20the%20door%20to%20future%20studies%20of%20a%20larger%20number%20of%20events%20in%20a%20wider%20variety%20of%20climates.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-10-28%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120220109%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220037-1106%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120220109%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223HSPBSXS%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-28T14%3A58%3A46Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227NRWHKCI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Murphy%20and%20Haase%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-09-14%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMurphy%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282022%29.%20Evaluation%20of%20GNSS%20Radio%20Occultation%20Profiles%20in%20the%20Vicinity%20of%20Atmospheric%20Rivers.%20%3Ci%3EAtmosphere%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E13%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%201495.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos13091495%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Fatmos13091495%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Evaluation%20of%20GNSS%20Radio%20Occultation%20Profiles%20in%20the%20Vicinity%20of%20Atmospheric%20Rivers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Michael%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Increasing%20the%20density%20of%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20radio%20occultation%20%28RO%29%20with%20commercial%20Smallsats%20and%20the%20next%20generation%20COSMIC-2%20constellation%20is%20expected%20to%20improve%20analyses%20of%20the%20state%20of%20atmosphere%2C%20which%20is%20essential%20for%20numerical%20weather%20prediction.%20High%20vertical%20resolution%20RO%20profiles%20could%20be%20useful%20to%20observe%20atmospheric%20rivers%20%28ARs%29%20over%20the%20ocean%2C%20which%20transport%20water%20vapor%20in%20shallow%2C%20elongated%20corridors%20that%20frequently%20impact%20the%20west%20coasts%20of%20continents.%20The%20multi-year%20AR%20Reconnaissance%20campaign%20has%20extensively%20sampled%20ARs%20over%20the%20northeastern%20Pacific%20with%20dropsondes%2C%20providing%20an%20invaluable%20dataset%20to%20evaluate%20the%20reliability%20of%20RO%20retrievals.%20These%20dropsondes%2C%20and%20a%20reanalysis%20product%20that%20assimilates%20them%2C%20are%20compared%20to%20three%20RO%20datasets%3A%20%281%29%20established%20operational%20missions%2C%20%282%29%20COSMIC-2%2C%20and%20%283%29%20the%20commercial%20Spire%20constellation.%20Each%20RO%20dataset%20has%20biases%20relative%20to%20reanalyses%20of%20less%20than%200.5%25%20N%20in%20the%20upper%20troposphere%20and%20negative%20biases%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere.%20Direct%20colocations%20with%20dropsondes%20indicate%20that%20vertical%20refractivity%20gradients%20present%20within%20ARs%20may%20be%20contributing%20to%20negative%20biases%20at%20higher%20altitudes%20inside%20than%20outside%20ARs%2C%20where%20the%20greatest%20variability%20and%20vertical%20gradients%20are%20at%20the%20well-defined%20boundary%20layer%20top.%20Observations%20from%20Spire%20are%20overly%20smooth%2C%20affecting%20the%20ability%20to%20resolve%20the%20low-level%20structure%20of%20an%20AR.%20Surprisingly%2C%20the%20depth%20of%20penetration%20into%20the%20lower%20troposphere%20is%20greater%20inside%20an%20AR%20than%20outside%20for%20all%20datasets.%20The%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20observation%20errors%20used%20for%20assimilation%20of%20RO%20within%20ARs%20should%20consider%20the%20height%20dependent%20biases%20that%20are%20associated%20with%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20atmosphere.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-09-14%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Fatmos13091495%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222073-4433%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.mdpi.com%5C%2F2073-4433%5C%2F13%5C%2F9%5C%2F1495%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-11T18%3A23%3A18Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CF4EYWDJ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESep%26%23xFA%3Blveda%2C%20I.%2C%20Liu%2C%20P.%20L.%20%26%23x2010%3BF.%2C%20Grigoriu%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Winckler%2C%20P.%20%282022%29.%20Non%26%23x2010%3BStationary%20Probabilistic%20Tsunami%20Hazard%20Assessments%20Compounding%20Tides%20and%20Sea%20Level%20Rise.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%26%23x2019%3Bs%20Future%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EF002965%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EF002965%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Non%5Cu2010Stationary%20Probabilistic%20Tsunami%20Hazard%20Assessments%20Compounding%20Tides%20and%20Sea%20Level%20Rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ignacio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20L.%5Cu2010F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mircea%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grigoriu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patricio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winckler%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2211%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2022EF002965%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222328-4277%2C%202328-4277%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%5C%2Fdoi%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2022EF002965%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-12-22T17%3A50%3A08Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2272QI6KW6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A6%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Cao%2C%20B.%2C%20Ralph%2C%20F.%20M.%2C%20Zheng%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Delle%20Monache%2C%20L.%20%282021%29.%20Multi-GNSS%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20observations%20as%20a%20complement%20to%20dropsondes%20in%20atmospheric%20river%20reconnaissance.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E126%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2821%29%2C%2024.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021jd034865%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021jd034865%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Multi-GNSS%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20observations%20as%20a%20complement%20to%20dropsondes%20in%20atmospheric%20river%20reconnaissance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ralph%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delle%20Monache%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Variations%20in%20the%20water%20vapor%20that%20atmospheric%20rivers%20%28ARs%29%20carry%20toward%20North%20America%20within%20Pacific%20storms%20strongly%20modulates%20the%20spatiotemporal%20distribution%20of%20west-coast%20precipitation.%20The%20%5C%22AR%20Recon%5C%22%20program%20was%20established%20to%20improve%20forecasts%20of%20landfalling%20Pacific-coast%20ARs%20and%20their%20associated%20precipitation.%20Dropsondes%20are%20deployed%20from%20weather%20reconnaissance%20aircraft%20and%20pressure%20sensors%20have%20been%20added%20to%20drifting%20ocean%20buoys%20to%20fill%20a%20major%20gap%20in%20standard%20weather%20observations%2C%20while%20research%20is%20being%20conducted%20on%20the%20potential%20for%20airborne%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20%28GNSS%29%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20to%20also%20contribute%20to%20forecast%20improvement.%20ARO%20further%20expands%20the%20spatial%20coverage%20of%20the%20data%20collected%20during%20AR%20Recon%20flights.%20This%20study%20provides%20the%20first%20description%20of%20these%20data%2C%20which%20provide%20water%20vapor%20and%20temperature%20information%20typically%20as%20far%20as%20300%20km%20to%20the%20side%20of%20the%20aircraft.%20The%20first%20refractivity%20profiles%20from%20European%20Galileo%20satellites%20are%20provided%20and%20their%20accuracy%20is%20evaluated%20using%20the%20dropsondes.%20It%20is%20shown%20that%20spatial%20variations%20in%20the%20refractivity%20anomaly%20%28difference%20from%20the%20climatological%20background%29%20are%20modulated%20by%20AR%20features%2C%20including%20the%20low-level%20jet%20and%20tropopause%20fold%2C%20illustrating%20the%20potential%20for%20RO%20measurements%20to%20represent%20key%20AR%20characteristics.%20It%20is%20demonstrated%20that%20assimilation%20of%20ARO%20refractivity%20profiles%20can%20influence%20the%20moisture%20used%20as%20initial%20conditions%20in%20a%20high-resolution%20model.%20While%20the%20dropsonde%20measurements%20provide%20precise%2C%20in%20situ%20wind%2C%20temperature%20and%20water%20vapor%20vertical%20profiles%20beneath%20the%20aircraft%2C%20and%20the%20buoys%20provide%20surface%20pressure%2C%20ARO%20provides%20complementary%20thermodynamic%20information%20aloft%20in%20broad%20areas%20not%20otherwise%20sampled%20at%20no%20additional%20expendable%20cost.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021jd034865%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%223BVIFSK4%22%2C%22GS9TJSRH%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-11T20%3A25%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22A39IWSKM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sepulveda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESepulveda%2C%20I.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Liu%2C%20P.%20L.%20F.%2C%20Grigoriu%2C%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Winckler%2C%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Non-stationary%20probabilistic%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments%20incorporating%20climate-change-driven%20sea%20level%20rise.%20%3Ci%3EEarths%20Future%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021ef002007%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2021ef002007%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Non-stationary%20probabilistic%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments%20incorporating%20climate-change-driven%20sea%20level%20rise%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sepulveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grigoriu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Winckler%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20face%20a%20new%20era%20in%20the%20assessment%20of%20multiple%20natural%20hazards%20whose%20statistics%20are%20becoming%20alarmingly%20non-stationary%20due%20to%20ubiquitous%20long-term%20changes%20in%20climate.%20One%20particular%20case%20is%20tsunami%20hazard%20affected%20by%20climate-change-driven%20sea%20level%20rise%20%28SLR%29.%20A%20traditional%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessment%20approach%20where%20SLR%20is%20omitted%20or%20included%20as%20a%20constant%20sea-level%20offset%20in%20a%20probabilistic%20calculation%20may%20misrepresent%20the%20impacts%20of%20climate-change.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20a%20general%20method%20called%20non-stationary%20probabilistic%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessment%20%28nPTHA%29%2C%20is%20developed%20to%20include%20the%20long-term%20time-varying%20changes%20in%20mean%20sea%20level.%20The%20nPTHA%20is%20based%20on%20a%20non-stationary%20Poisson%20process%20model%2C%20which%20takes%20advantage%20of%20the%20independence%20of%20arrivals%20within%20non-overlapping%20time-intervals%20to%20specify%20a%20temporally%20varying%20hazard%20mean%20recurrence%20rate%2C%20affected%20by%20SLR.%20The%20nPTHA%20is%20applied%20to%20the%20South%20China%20Sea%20%28SCS%29%20for%20tsunamis%20generated%20by%20earthquakes%20in%20the%20Manila%20Subduction%20Zone.%20The%20method%20provides%20unique%20and%20comprehensive%20results%20for%20inundation%20hazard%2C%20combining%20tsunami%20and%20SLR%20at%20a%20specific%20location%20over%20a%20given%20exposure%20time.%20The%20results%20show%20that%20in%20the%20SCS%2C%20SLR%20has%20a%20significant%20impact%20when%20its%20amplitude%20is%20comparable%20to%20that%20of%20tsunamis%20with%20moderate%20probability%20of%20exceedance.%20The%20SLR%20and%20its%20associated%20uncertainty%20produce%20an%20impact%20on%20nPTHA%20results%20comparable%20to%20that%20caused%20by%20the%20uncertainty%20in%20the%20earthquake%20recurrence%20model.%20These%20findings%20are%20site-specific%20and%20must%20be%20analyzed%20for%20different%20regions.%20The%20proposed%20methodology%2C%20however%2C%20is%20sufficiently%20general%20to%20include%20other%20non-stationary%20phenomena%20and%20can%20be%20exploited%20for%20other%20hazards%20affected%20by%20SLR.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2021ef002007%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%224QD9MU6A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sheikh%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESheikh%2C%20I.%20A.%2C%20Khandel%2C%20O.%2C%20Soliman%2C%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Jaiswal%2C%20P.%20%282021%29.%20Seismic%20fragility%20analysis%20using%20nonlinear%20autoregressive%20neural%20networks%20with%20exogenous%20input.%20%3Ci%3EStructure%20and%20Infrastructure%20Engineering%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F15732479.2021.1894184%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1080%5C%2F15732479.2021.1894184%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seismic%20fragility%20analysis%20using%20nonlinear%20autoregressive%20neural%20networks%20with%20exogenous%20input%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sheikh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22O.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Khandel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Soliman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jaiswal%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Rapidly%20growing%20societal%20needs%20in%20urban%20areas%20are%20increasing%20the%20demand%20for%20tall%20buildings%20with%20complex%20structural%20systems.%20Many%20of%20these%20buildings%20are%20located%20in%20areas%20characterized%20by%20high%20seismicity.%20Quantifying%20the%20seismic%20resilience%20of%20these%20buildings%20requires%20comprehensive%20fragility%20assessment%20that%20integrates%20iterative%20nonlinear%20dynamic%20analysis%20%28NDA%29.%20Under%20these%20circumstances%2C%20traditional%20finite%20element%20%28FE%29%20analysis%20may%20become%20impractical%20due%20to%20its%20high%20computational%20cost.%20Soft-computing%20methods%20can%20be%20applied%20in%20the%20domain%20of%20NDA%20to%20reduce%20the%20computational%20cost%20of%20seismic%20fragility%20analysis.%20This%20study%20presents%20a%20framework%20that%20employs%20nonlinear%20autoregressive%20neural%20networks%20with%20exogenous%20input%20%28NARX%29%20in%20fragility%20analysis%20of%20multi-story%20buildings.%20The%20framework%20uses%20structural%20health%20monitoring%20data%20to%20calibrate%20a%20nonlinear%20FE%20model.%20The%20model%20is%20employed%20to%20generate%20the%20training%20dataset%20for%20NARX%20neural%20networks%20with%20ground%20acceleration%20and%20displacement%20time%20histories%20as%20the%20input%20and%20output%20of%20the%20network%2C%20respectively.%20The%20trained%20NARX%20networks%20are%20then%20used%20to%20perform%20incremental%20dynamic%20analysis%20%28IDA%29%20for%20a%20suite%20of%20ground%20motions.%20Fragility%20analysis%20is%20next%20conducted%20based%20on%20the%20results%20of%20the%20IDA%20obtained%20from%20the%20trained%20NARX%20network.%20The%20framework%20is%20illustrated%20on%20a%20twelve-story%20reinforced%20concrete%20building%20located%20at%20Oklahoma%20State%20University%2C%20Stillwater%20campus.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222021%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1080%5C%2F15732479.2021.1894184%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221573-2479%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GZL5R28C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zheng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A8%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZheng%2C%20M.%2C%20Delle%20Monache%2C%20L.%2C%20Wu%2C%20X.%2C%20Ralph%2C%20F.%20M.%2C%20Cornuelle%2C%20B.%2C%20Tallapragada%2C%20V.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Mazloff%2C%20M.%2C%20Subramanian%2C%20A.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Cannon%2C%20F.%20%282020%29.%20Data%20gaps%20within%20atmospheric%20rivers%20over%20the%20northeastern%20Pacific.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B1.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-19-0287.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-19-0287.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Data%20gaps%20within%20atmospheric%20rivers%20over%20the%20northeastern%20Pacific%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Minghua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delle%20Monache%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xingren%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ralph%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cornuelle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vijay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tallapragada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mazloff%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aneesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramanian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Forest%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cannon%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22A%20significant%20data%20void%20exists%20in%20the%20lower%20atmosphere%20during%20Atmospheric%20River%20%28AR%29%20events%20over%20the%20northeastern%20Pacific.%20When%20available%2C%20AR%20Reconnaissance%20data%20provide%20the%20majority%20of%20direct%20observations%20within%20the%20critical%20layer%20of%20an%20oceanic%20AR.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22English%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-19-0287.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22TFFGCZNI%22%2C%22P6BBM9XF%22%2C%223BVIFSK4%22%2C%22GS9TJSRH%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A09%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%223KTJAAME%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sepulveda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESepulveda%2C%20I.%2C%20Tozer%2C%20B.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Liu%2C%20P.%20L.%20F.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Grigoriu%2C%20M.%20%282020%29.%20Modeling%20uncertainties%20of%20bathymetry%20predicted%20with%20satellite%20altimetry%20data%20and%20application%20to%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E125%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jb019735%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2020jb019735%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Modeling%20uncertainties%20of%20bathymetry%20predicted%20with%20satellite%20altimetry%20data%20and%20application%20to%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sepulveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tozer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%20L.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Grigoriu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Models%20of%20bathymetry%20derived%20from%20satellite%20radar%20altimetry%20are%20essential%20for%20modeling%20many%20marine%20processes.%20They%20are%20affected%20by%20uncertainties%20which%20require%20quantification.%20We%20propose%20an%20uncertainty%20model%20that%20assumes%20errors%20are%20caused%20by%20the%20lack%20of%20high-wavenumber%20content%20within%20the%20altimetry%20data.%20The%20model%20is%20then%20applied%20to%20a%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessment.%20We%20build%20a%20bathymetry%20uncertainty%20model%20for%20northern%20Chile.%20Statistical%20properties%20of%20the%20altimetry-predicted%20bathymetry%20error%20are%20obtained%20using%20multibeam%20data.%20We%20find%20that%20a%20Von%20Karman%20correlation%20function%20and%20a%20Laplacian%20marginal%20distribution%20can%20be%20used%20to%20define%20an%20uncertainty%20model%20based%20on%20a%20random%20field.%20We%20also%20propose%20a%20method%20for%20generating%20synthetic%20bathymetry%20samples%20conditional%20to%20shipboard%20measurements.%20The%20method%20is%20further%20extended%20to%20account%20for%20interpolation%20uncertainties%2C%20when%20bathymetry%20data%20resolution%20is%20finer%20than%20similar%20to%2010km.%20We%20illustrate%20the%20usefulness%20of%20the%20method%20by%20quantifying%20the%20bathymetry-induced%20uncertainty%20of%20a%20tsunami%20hazard%20estimate.%20We%20demonstrate%20that%20tsunami%20leading%20wave%20predictions%20at%20middle%5C%2Fnear%20field%20tide%20gauges%20and%20buoys%20are%20insensitive%20to%20bathymetry%20uncertainties%20in%20Chile.%20This%20result%20implies%20that%20tsunami%20early%20warning%20approaches%20can%20take%20full%20advantage%20of%20altimetry-predicted%20bathymetry%20in%20numerical%20simulations.%20Finally%2C%20we%20evaluate%20the%20feasibility%20of%20modeling%20uncertainties%20in%20regions%20without%20multibeam%20data%20by%20assessing%20the%20bathymetry%20error%20statistics%20of%2015%20globally%20distributed%20regions.%20We%20find%20that%20a%20general%20Von%20Karman%20correlation%20and%20a%20Laplacian%20marginal%20distribution%20can%20serve%20as%20a%20first-order%20approximation.%20The%20standard%20deviation%20of%20the%20uncertainty%20random%20field%20model%20varies%20regionally%20and%20is%20estimated%20from%20a%20proposed%20scaling%20law.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2020jb019735%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GWC37T29%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Ralph%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ERalph%2C%20F.%20M.%2C%20Cannon%2C%20F.%2C%20Tallapragada%2C%20V.%2C%20Davis%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20Doyle%2C%20J.%20D.%2C%20Pappenberger%2C%20F.%2C%20Subramanian%2C%20A.%2C%20Wilson%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20Lavers%2C%20D.%20A.%2C%20Reynolds%2C%20C.%20A.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Centurioni%2C%20L.%2C%20Ingleby%2C%20B.%2C%20Rutz%2C%20J.%20J.%2C%20Cordeira%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Zheng%2C%20M.%2C%20Hecht%2C%20C.%2C%20Kawzenuk%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Delle%20Monache%2C%20L.%20%282020%29.%20West%20Coast%20forecast%20challenges%20and%20development%20of%20atmospheric%20river%20reconnaissance.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-19-0183.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-19-0183.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22West%20Coast%20forecast%20challenges%20and%20development%20of%20atmospheric%20river%20reconnaissance%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20Martin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ralph%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Forest%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cannon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vijay%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tallapragada%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christopher%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Doyle%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pappenberger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Aneesh%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Subramanian%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Anna%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lavers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carolyn%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reynolds%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Centurioni%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bruce%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ingleby%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rutz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jason%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cordeira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Minghua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Chad%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hecht%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kawzenuk%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Luca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Delle%20Monache%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Atmospheric%20River%20Reconnaissance%20is%20a%20multi-year%20research%20and%20operations%20partnership%20to%20evaluate%20the%20potential%20of%20targeted%20airborne%20observations%20over%20the%20Northeast%20Pacific%20to%20improve%20forecasts%20of%20atmospheric%20river%20impacts%20on%20the%20U.S.%20West%20Coast%20at%20lead%20times%20of%20less%20than%20five%20days.Water%20management%20and%20flood%20control%20are%20major%20challenges%20in%20the%20Western%20U.S.%20They%20are%20heavily%20influenced%20by%20atmospheric%20river%20%28AR%29%20storms%20that%20produce%20both%20beneficial%20water%20supply%20and%20hazards%2C%20e.g.%2C%2084%25%20of%20all%20flood%20damages%20in%20the%20West%20%28up%20to%2099%25%20in%20key%20areas%29%20are%20associated%20with%20ARs.%20However%2C%20AR%20landfall%20forecast%20position%20errors%20can%20exceed%20200%20km%20at%20even%201-day%20lead%20time%20and%20yet%20many%20watersheds%20are%20%26lt%3B100%20km%20across%2C%20which%20contributes%20to%20issues%20such%20as%20the%202017%20Oroville%20Dam%20spillway%20incident%20and%20regularly%20to%20large%20flood%20forecast%20errors.%20Combined%20with%20the%20rise%20of%20wildfires%20and%20deadly%20post-wildfire%20debris%20flows%2C%20such%20as%20Montecito%20%282018%29%2C%20the%20need%20for%20better%20AR%20forecasts%20is%20urgent.AR%20Recon%20was%20developed%20as%20a%20research%20and%20operations%20partnership%20to%20address%20these%20needs.%20It%20combines%20new%20observations%2C%20modeling%2C%20data%20assimilation%20and%20forecast%20verification%20methods%20to%20improve%20the%20science%20and%20predictions%20of%20landfalling%20ARs.%20ARs%20over%20the%20northeast%20Pacific%20are%20measured%20using%20dropsondes%20from%20up%20to%20three%20aircraft%20simultaneously.%20Additionally%2C%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20is%20being%20tested%2C%20and%20drifting%20buoys%20with%20pressure%20sensors%20are%20deployed.%20AR%20targeting%20and%20data%20collection%20methods%20have%20been%20developed%2C%20assimilation%20and%20forecast%20impact%20experiments%20are%20ongoing%2C%20and%20better%20understanding%20of%20AR%20dynamics%20is%20emerging.AR%20Recon%20is%20led%20by%20the%20Center%20for%20Western%20Weather%20and%20Water%20Extremes%20and%20NWS%5C%2FNCEP.%20The%20effort%5Cu2019s%20core%20partners%20include%20the%20Navy%2C%20Air%20Force%2C%20NCAR%2C%20ECMWF%20and%20multiple%20academic%20institutions.%20AR%20Recon%20is%20included%20in%20the%20%5Cu201cNational%20Winter%20Season%20Operations%20Plan%5Cu201d%20to%20support%20improved%20outcomes%20for%20emergency%20preparedness%20and%20water%20management%20in%20the%20West.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-19-0183.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2244X4EX84%22%2C%22Q4IQ5F7I%22%2C%22H3FG68WV%22%2C%223BVIFSK4%22%2C%22GS9TJSRH%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-10-21T00%3A13%3A20Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JTKK5Z49%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222020-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESep%26%23xFA%3Blveda%2C%20I.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Carvajal%2C%20M.%2C%20Xu%2C%20X.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Liu%2C%20P.%20L.-F.%20%282020%29.%20Modeling%20the%20sources%20of%20the%202018%20Palu%2C%20Indonesia%2C%20tsunami%20using%20videos%20from%20social%20media.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3A%20Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20e2019JB018675.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jb018675%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019jb018675%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Modeling%20the%20sources%20of%20the%202018%20Palu%2C%20Indonesia%2C%20tsunami%20using%20videos%20from%20social%20media%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ignacio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sep%5Cu00falveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mat%5Cu00edas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carvajal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Xiaohua%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20L.-F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%202018%20Palu%20tsunami%20contributed%20significantly%20to%20the%20devastation%20caused%20by%20the%20associated%20Mw%207.5%20earthquake.%20This%20began%20a%20debate%20about%20how%20the%20moderate%20size%20earthquake%20triggered%20such%20a%20large%20tsunami%20within%20Palu%20Bay%2C%20with%20runups%20of%20more%20than%2010%20m.%20The%20possibility%20of%20a%20large%20component%20of%20vertical%20coseismic%20deformation%20and%20submarine%20landslides%20have%20been%20considered%20as%20potential%20explanations.%20However%2C%20scarce%20instrumental%20data%20has%20made%20it%20difficult%20to%20resolve%20the%20potential%20contributions%20from%20either%20type%20of%20source.%20We%20use%20tsunami%20waveforms%20derived%20from%20social%20media%20videos%20in%20Palu%20Bay%20to%20model%20the%20possible%20sources%20of%20the%20tsunami.%20We%20invert%20InSAR%20data%20with%20different%20fault%20geometries%2C%20and%20use%20the%20resulting%20seafloor%20displacements%20to%20simulate%20tsunamis.%20The%20coseismic%20sources%20alone%20cannot%20match%20both%20the%20video-derived%20time%20histories%20and%20surveyed%20runups.%20Then%20we%20conduct%20a%20tsunami%20source%20inversion%20using%20the%20video-derived%20time%20histories%20and%20a%20tide-gauge%20record%20as%20inputs.%20We%20specify%20hypothetical%20landslide%20locations%20and%20solve%20for%20initial%20tsunami%20elevation.%20Our%20results%2C%20validated%20with%20surveyed%20runups%2C%20show%20that%20a%20limited%20number%20of%20landslides%20in%20southern%20Palu%20Bay%20are%20sufficient%20to%20explain%20the%20tsunami%20data.%20The%20Palu%20tsunami%20highlights%20the%20difficulty%20in%20accurately%20capturing%20with%20tide%20gauges%20the%20amplitude%20and%20timing%20of%20short-period%20waves%20that%20can%20have%20large%20impacts%20at%20the%20coast.%20The%20proximity%20of%20landslides%20to%20locations%20of%20high%20fault%20slip%20also%20suggests%20that%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessment%20in%20strike-slip%20environments%20should%20include%20triggered%20landslides%2C%20especially%20for%20locations%20where%20the%20coastline%20morphology%20is%20strongly%20linked%20to%20fault%20geometry.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222020%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019jb018675%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%228HVEX7I9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Murphy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMurphy%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Padulles%2C%20R.%2C%20Chen%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Morris%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282019%29.%20The%20potential%20for%20discriminating%20microphysical%20processes%20in%20numerical%20weather%20forecasts%20using%20airborne%20polarimetric%20radio%20occultations.%20%3Ci%3ERemote%20Sensing%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2819%29.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Frs11192268%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.3390%5C%2Frs11192268%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20potential%20for%20discriminating%20microphysical%20processes%20in%20numerical%20weather%20forecasts%20using%20airborne%20polarimetric%20radio%20occultations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Padulles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Morris%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Accurate%20representation%20of%20cloud%20microphysical%20processes%20in%20numerical%20weather%20and%20climate%20models%20has%20proven%20challenging%2C%20in%20part%20because%20of%20the%20highly%20specialized%20instrumentation%20required%20for%20diagnosing%20errors%20in%20simulated%20distributions%20of%20hydrometeors.%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20%28GNSS%29%20polarimetric%20radio%20occultation%20%28PRO%29%20is%20a%20promising%20new%20technique%20that%20is%20sensitive%20to%20hydrometeors%20and%20has%20the%20potential%20to%20help%20address%20these%20challenges%20by%20providing%20microphysical%20observations%20that%20are%20relevant%20to%20larger%20spatial%20scales%2C%20especially%20if%20this%20type%20of%20observing%20system%20can%20be%20implemented%20on%20aircraft%20that%20can%20target%20heavy%20precipitation%20events.%20Two%20numerical%20experiments%20were%20run%20using%20a%20mesoscale%20model%20configured%20with%20two%20different%20microphysical%20parameterization%20schemes%20for%20a%20very%20intense%20atmospheric%20river%20%28AR%29%20event%20that%20was%20sampled%20by%20aircraft%20deploying%20dropsondes%20just%20before%20it%20made%20landfall%20in%20California%2C%20during%20the%20CalWater%202015%20field%20campaign.%20The%20numerical%20experiments%20were%20used%20to%20simulate%20profiles%20of%20airborne%20polarimetric%20differential%20phase%20delay%20observations.%20The%20differential%20phase%20delay%20due%20to%20liquid%20water%20hydrometeors%20below%20the%20freezing%20level%20differed%20significantly%20in%20the%20two%20experiments%2C%20as%20well%20as%20the%20height%20of%20the%20maximum%20differential%20phase%20delay%20due%20to%20all%20hydrometeors%20combined.%20These%20results%20suggest%20that%20PRO%20observations%20from%20aircraft%20have%20the%20potential%20to%20contribute%20to%20validating%20and%20improving%20the%20representation%20of%20microphysical%20processes%20in%20numerical%20weather%20forecasts%20once%20these%20observations%20become%20available.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.3390%5C%2Frs11192268%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IYT4LZ82%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Carvajal%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222019-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECarvajal%2C%20M.%2C%20Araya-Cornejo%2C%20C.%2C%20Sepulveda%2C%20I.%2C%20Melnick%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282019%29.%20Nearly%20instantaneous%20tsunamis%20following%20the%20Mw%207.5%202018%20Palu%20earthquake.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E46%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%205117%26%23x2013%3B5126.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019gl082578%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2019gl082578%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Nearly%20instantaneous%20tsunamis%20following%20the%20Mw%207.5%202018%20Palu%20earthquake%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carvajal%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Araya-Cornejo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sepulveda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melnick%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20tsunami%20observations%20produced%20by%20the%202018%20magnitude%207.5%20Palu%20strike-slip%20earthquake%20challenged%20the%20traditional%20basis%20underlying%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments%20and%20early%20warning%20systems.%20We%20analyzed%20an%20extraordinary%20collection%20of%2038%20amateur%20and%20closed%20circuit%20television%20videos%20to%20show%20that%20the%20Palu%20tsunamis%20devastated%20widely%20separated%20coastal%20areas%20around%20Palu%20Bay%20within%20a%20few%20minutes%20after%20the%20mainshock%20and%20included%20wave%20periods%20shorter%20than%20100%20s%20missed%20by%20the%20local%20tide%20station.%20Although%20rupture%20models%20based%20on%20teleseismic%20and%20geodetic%20data%20predict%20up%20to%205-m%20tsunami%20runups%2C%20they%20cannot%20explain%20the%20higher%20surveyed%20runups%20nor%20the%20tsunami%20waveforms%20reconstructed%20from%20video%20footage%2C%20suggesting%20either%20these%20underestimate%20actual%20seafloor%20deformation%20and%5C%2For%20that%20non-tectonic%20sources%20were%20involved.%20Post-tsunami%20coastline%20surveys%20combined%20with%20video%20evidence%20and%20modeled%20tsunami%20travel%20times%20suggest%20that%20submarine%20landslides%20contributed%20to%20tsunami%20generation.%20The%20video-based%20observations%20have%20broad%20implications%20for%20tsunami%20hazard%20assessments%2C%20early%20warning%20systems%2C%20and%20risk-reduction%20planning.%20Plain%20Laguage%20Summary%20Tsunami%20hazard%20assessment%20is%20routinely%20based%20on%20assessing%20the%20impacts%20of%20long-period%20waves%20generated%20by%20vertical%20seafloor%20motions%20reaching%20the%20coast%20tens%20of%20minutes%20after%20the%20earthquake%20in%20typical%20subduction-zone%20environments.%20This%20view%20is%20inadequate%20for%20assessing%20hazard%20associated%20with%20strike-slip%20earthquakes%20such%20as%20the%20magnitude%207.5%202018%20Palu%20earthquake%2C%20which%20resulted%20in%20tsunami%20effects%20much%20larger%20than%20would%20normally%20be%20associated%20with%20horizontal%20fault%20motion.%20From%20an%20extraordinary%20collection%20of%2038%20amateur%20and%20closed%20circuit%20television%20videos%20we%20estimated%20tsunami%20arrival%20times%2C%20amplitudes%2C%20and%20wave%20periods%20at%20different%20locations%20around%20Palu%20Bay%2C%20where%20the%20most%20damaging%20waves%20were%20reported.%20We%20found%20that%20the%20Palu%20tsunamis%20devastated%20widely%20separated%20coastal%20areas%20within%20a%20few%20minutes%20after%20the%20mainshock%20and%20included%20unusually%20short%20wave%20periods%2C%20which%20cannot%20be%20explained%20by%20the%20earthquake%20fault%20slip%20alone.%20Post-tsunami%20surveys%20show%20changes%20in%20the%20coastline%2C%20and%20this%20combined%20with%20video%20footage%20provides%20potential%20locations%20of%20submarine%20landslides%20as%20tsunami%20sources%20that%20would%20match%20the%20arrival%20times%20of%20the%20waves.%20Our%20results%20emphasize%20the%20importance%20of%20estimating%20tsunami%20hazards%20along%20coastlines%20bordering%20strike-slip%20fault%20systems%20and%20have%20broad%20implications%20for%20considering%20shorter-period%20nearly%20instantaneous%20tsunamis%20in%20hazard%20mitigation%20and%20tsunami%20early%20warning%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222019%5C%2F05%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2019gl082578%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22R7BCNS3G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Saunders%20and%20Haase%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESaunders%2C%20J.%20K.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282018%29.%20Augmenting%20onshore%20GNSS%20displacements%20with%20offshore%20observations%20to%20improve%20slip%20characterization%20for%20Cascadia%20Subduction%20Zone%20earthquakes.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E45%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2812%29%2C%206008%26%23x2013%3B6017.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018gl078233%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2018gl078233%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Augmenting%20onshore%20GNSS%20displacements%20with%20offshore%20observations%20to%20improve%20slip%20characterization%20for%20Cascadia%20Subduction%20Zone%20earthquakes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22For%20the%20Cascadia%20subduction%20zone%2C%20M-w%20similar%20to%208%20megathrust%20earthquake%20hazard%20is%20of%20particular%20interest%20because%20uncertainties%20in%20the%20predicted%20tsunami%20size%20affect%20evacuation%20alerts.%20To%20reduce%20these%20uncertainties%2C%20we%20examine%20how%20augmenting%20the%20current%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20Systems%20%28GNSS%29%20network%20in%20Cascadia%20with%20offshore%20stations%20improves%20static%20slip%20inversions%20for%20M-w%20similar%20to%208%20megathrust%20earthquakes%20at%20different%20rupture%20depths.%20We%20test%20two%20offshore%20coseismic%20data%20types%3A%20vertical-only%20bottom%20pressure%20sensors%20and%20pressure%20sensors%20combined%20with%20GNSS-Acoustic%20aided%20horizontal%20positions.%20We%20find%20that%20amphibious%20networks%20best%20constrain%20slip%20for%20a%20shallow%20earthquake%20compared%20to%20onshore-only%20networks%20when%20offshore%20stations%20are%20located%20above%20the%20rupture.%20However%2C%20inversions%20using%20vertical-only%20offshore%20data%20underestimate%20shallow%20slip%20and%20tsunami%20impact.%20Including%20offshore%20horizontal%20observations%20improves%20slip%20estimates%2C%20particularly%20maximum%20slip.%20This%20suggests%20that%20while%20real-time%20GNSS-Acoustic%20sensors%20may%20have%20a%20long%20development%20timeline%2C%20they%20will%20have%20more%20impact%20for%20static%20inversion-based%20tsunami%20early%20warning%20systems%20than%20bottom%20pressure%20sensors.%20Plain%20Language%20Summary%20The%20Cascadia%20subduction%20zone%20is%20the%20region%20of%20highest%20tsunami%20hazard%20within%20the%20contiguous%20United%20States.%20This%20region%20has%20experienced%20many%20tsunamis%20over%20the%20last%2010%2C000years%20that%20were%20generated%20by%20earthquakes%20of%20magnitude%208%20to%209.%20Magnitude%208%20earthquakes%20in%20the%20subduction%20zone%20can%20be%20tricky%20for%20tsunami%20early%20warning%20systems%20because%20it%20is%20difficult%20to%20determine%20the%20depth%20of%20the%20earthquake%20rupture%2C%20which%20strongly%20affects%20the%20anticipated%20tsunami%20size.%20This%20can%20make%20the%20difference%20between%20an%20evacuation%20order%20being%20issued%20or%20not.%20This%20study%20tests%20how%20estimating%20total%20slip%20on%20the%20earthquake%20fault%20during%20rupture%20and%20the%20resulting%20tsunami%20wave%20height%20for%20magnitude%208%20earthquakes%20can%20be%20improved%20when%20combining%20the%20current%20land-based%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20Systems%20monitoring%20network%20in%20the%20Pacific%20Northwest%20with%20offshore%20seafloor%20networks.%20We%20test%20hypothetical%20arrangements%20of%20offshore%20stations%20that%20measure%20the%20vertical%20seafloor%20motion%20with%20ocean%20bottom%20pressure%20sensors.%20We%20also%20test%20networks%20that%20measure%20motion%20in%20all%20three%20directions%20by%20including%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20Systems%20measurements%20at%20the%20sea%20surface%20linked%20by%20acoustic%20communication%20to%20measurement%20points%20on%20the%20seafloor.%20This%20work%20can%20help%20plan%20where%20best%20to%20put%20new%20offshore%20instruments%20as%20they%20are%20developed%20for%20future%20tsunami%20early%20warning%20systems.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2018gl078233%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222VDVDS7Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Xie%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-02%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EXie%2C%20F.%20Q.%2C%20Adhikari%2C%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20B.%2C%20Wang%2C%20K.%20N.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%20%282018%29.%20Sensitivity%20of%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20to%20tropospheric%20properties%20over%20ocean%20and%20land.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E11%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20763%26%23x2013%3B780.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-11-763-2018%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-11-763-2018%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Sensitivity%20of%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20to%20tropospheric%20properties%20over%20ocean%20and%20land%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adhikari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Airborne%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20measurements%20collected%20during%20a%20ferry%20flight%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20PREDepression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud-systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20field%20campaign%20from%20the%20Virgin%20Islands%20to%20Colorado%20are%20analyzed.%20The%20large%20contrast%20in%20atmospheric%20conditions%20along%20the%20flight%20path%20from%20the%20warm%20and%20moist%20Caribbean%20Sea%20to%20the%20much%20drier%20and%20cooler%20continental%20conditions%20provides%20a%20unique%20opportunity%20to%20address%20the%20sensitivity%20of%20ARO%20measurements%20to%20the%20tropospheric%20temperature%20and%20moisture%20changes.%20This%20long%20flight%20at%20nearly%20constant%20altitude%20%28similar%20to%2013%20km%29%20provided%20an%20optimal%20configuration%20for%20simultaneous%20high-quality%20ARO%20measurements%20from%20two%20high-gain%20side-looking%20antennas%2C%20as%20well%20as%20one%20relatively%20lower%20gain%20zenith%20%28top%29%20antenna.%20The%20omnidirectional%20top%20antenna%20has%20the%20advantage%20of%20tracking%20robustly%20more%20occulting%20satellites%20in%20all%20direction%20as%20compared%20to%20the%20limited-azimuth%20tracking%20of%20the%20side-looking%20antennas.%20Two%20well-adapted%20radioholographic%20bending%20angle%20retrieval%20methods%2C%20full-spectrum%20inversion%20%28FSI%29%20and%20phase%20matching%20%28PM%29%2C%20were%20compared%20with%20the%20standard%20geometric-optics%20%28GO%29%20retrieval%20method.%20Comparison%20of%20the%20ARO%20retrievals%20from%20the%20top%20antenna%20with%20the%20near-coincident%20ECMWF%20reanalysis-interim%20%28ERAI%29%20profiles%20shows%20only%20a%20small%20root-mean-square%20%28RMS%29%20refractivity%20difference%20of%20similar%20to%200.3%25%20in%20the%20drier%20upper%20troposphere%20from%20similar%20to%205%20to%20similar%20to%2011.5%20km%20over%20both%20land%20and%20ocean.%20Both%20the%20FSI%20and%20PM%20methods%20improve%20the%20ARO%20retrievals%20in%20the%20moist%20lower%20troposphere%20and%20reduce%20the%20negative%20bias%20found%20in%20the%20GO%20retrieval%20due%20to%20atmospheric%20multipath.%20In%20the%20lowest%20layer%20of%20the%20troposphere%2C%20the%20ARO%20refractivity%20derived%20using%20FSI%20shows%20a%20negative%20bias%20of%20about%20-2%25.%20The%20increase%20of%20the%20refractivity%20bias%20occurs%20below%205%20km%20over%20the%20ocean%20and%20below%203.5%20km%20over%20land%2C%20corresponding%20to%20the%20approximate%20altitude%20of%20large%20vertical%20moisture%20gradients%20above%20the%20ocean%20and%20land%20surface%2C%20respectively.%20In%20comparisons%20to%20radiosondes%2C%20the%20FSI%20ARO%20soundings%20capture%20well%20the%20height%20of%20layers%20with%20sharp%20refractivity%20gradients%20but%20display%20a%20negative%20refractivity%20bias%20inside%20the%20boundary%20layer.%20The%20unique%20opportunity%20to%20make%20simultaneous%20independent%20recordings%20of%20occultation%20events%20from%20multiple%20antennas%20establishes%20that%20high-precision%20ARO%20measurements%20can%20be%20achieved%20corresponding%20to%20an%20RMS%20difference%20better%20than%200.2%25%20in%20refractivity%20%28or%20similar%20to%200.4%20K%29.%20The%20surprisingly%20good%20quality%20of%20recordings%20from%20a%20very%20simple%20zenith%20antenna%20increases%20the%20feasibility%20of%20developing%20an%20operational%20tropospheric%20sounding%20system%20onboard%20commercial%20aircraft%20in%20the%20future%2C%20which%20could%20provide%20a%20large%20number%20of%20data%20for%20direct%20assimilation%20in%20numerical%20weather%20prediction%20models.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F02%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Famt-11-763-2018%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221867-1381%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22XJSWF4ME%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Chen%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222018-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EChen%2C%20X.%20M.%2C%20Chen%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20Wang%2C%20K.%20N.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Chen%2C%20S.%20Y.%2C%20Huang%2C%20C.%20Y.%2C%20Adhikari%2C%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Xie%2C%20F.%20%282018%29.%20The%20impact%20of%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20observations%20on%20the%20simulation%20of%20Hurricane%20Karl%20%282010%29.%20%3Ci%3EMonthly%20Weather%20Review%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E146%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%20329%26%23x2013%3B350.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fmwr-d-17-0001.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fmwr-d-17-0001.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20impact%20of%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20observations%20on%20the%20simulation%20of%20Hurricane%20Karl%20%282010%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22X.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adhikari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22This%20study%20evaluates%2C%20for%20the%20first%20time%2C%20the%20impact%20of%20airborne%20global%20positioning%20system%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20observations%20on%20a%20hurricane%20forecast.%20A%20case%20study%20was%20conducted%20of%20Hurricane%20Karl%20during%20the%20PreDepression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud-Systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20field%20campaign%20in%202010.%20The%20assimilation%20of%20ARO%20data%20was%20developed%20for%20the%20three-dimensional%20variational%20%283DVAR%29%20analysis%20system%20of%20the%20Weather%20Research%20and%20Forecasting%20%28WRF%29%20Model%20version%203.2.%20The%20impact%20of%20ARO%20data%20on%20Karl%20forecasts%20was%20evaluated%20through%20data%20assimilation%20%28DA%29%20experiments%20of%20local%20refractivity%20and%20nonlocal%20excess%20phase%20%28EPH%29%2C%20in%20which%20the%20latter%20accounts%20for%20the%20integrated%20horizontal%20sampling%20along%20the%20signal%20ray%20path.%20The%20tangent%20point%20positions%20%28closest%20point%20of%20an%20RO%20ray%20path%20to%20Earth%27s%20surface%29%20drift%20horizontally%2C%20and%20the%20drifting%20distance%20of%20ARO%20data%20is%20about%202%20to%203%20times%20that%20of%20spaceborne%20RO%2C%20which%20was%20taken%20into%20account%20in%20these%20simulations.%20Results%20indicate%20that%20in%20the%20absence%20of%20other%20satellite%20observations%2C%20the%20assimilation%20of%20ARO%20EPH%20resulted%20in%20a%20larger%20impact%20on%20the%20analysis%20than%20local%20refractivity%20did.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20assimilation%20of%20ARO%20observations%20at%20the%20actual%20tangent%20point%20locations%20resulted%20in%20more%20accurate%20forecasts%20of%20the%20rapid%20intensification%20of%20the%20storm.%20Among%20all%20experiments%2C%20the%20best%20forecast%20was%20obtained%20by%20assimilating%20ARO%20data%20with%20the%20most%20accurate%20geometric%20representation%2C%20that%20is%2C%20the%20use%20of%20nonlocal%20EPH%20operators%20with%20tangent%20point%20drift%2C%20which%20reduced%20the%20error%20in%20the%20storm%27s%20predicted%20minimum%20sea%20level%20pressure%20%28SLP%29%20by%2043%25%20beyond%20that%20of%20the%20control%20experiment.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222018%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fmwr-d-17-0001.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220027-0644%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CANWUD2R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZhang%2C%20W.%20X.%2C%20Lou%2C%20Y.%20D.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20R.%2C%20Zheng%2C%20G.%2C%20Huang%2C%20J.%20F.%2C%20Shi%2C%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Liu%2C%20J.%20N.%20%282017%29.%20The%20Use%20of%20Ground-Based%20GPS%20Precipitable%20Water%20Measurements%20over%20China%20to%20Assess%20Radiosonde%20and%20ERA-Interim%20Moisture%20Trends%20and%20Errors%20from%201999%20to%202015.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Climate%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E30%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2819%29%2C%207643%26%23x2013%3B7667.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-16-0591.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-16-0591.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Use%20of%20Ground-Based%20GPS%20Precipitable%20Water%20Measurements%20over%20China%20to%20Assess%20Radiosonde%20and%20ERA-Interim%20Moisture%20Trends%20and%20Errors%20from%201999%20to%202015%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zheng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Huang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20positioning%20system%20%28GPS%29%20data%20from%20over%20260%20ground-based%20permanent%20stations%20in%20China%20covering%20the%20period%20from%201%20March%201999%20to%2030%20April%202015%20were%20used%20to%20estimate%20precipitable%20water%20%28PW%29%20above%20each%20site%20with%20an%20accuracy%20of%20about%200.75%20mm.%20Four%20types%20of%20radiosondes%20%28referred%20to%20as%20GZZ2%2C%20GTS1%2C%20GTS1-1%2C%20and%20GTS1-2%29%20were%20used%20in%20China%20during%20this%20period.%20Instrumentation%20type%20changes%20in%20radiosonde%20records%20were%20identified%20by%20comparing%20PW%20calculated%20from%20GPS%20and%20radiosonde%20data.%20Systematic%20errors%20in%20different%20radiosonde%20types%20introduced%20significant%20biases%20to%20the%20estimated%20PW%20trends%20at%20stations%20where%20more%20than%20one%20radiosonde%20type%20was%20used.%20Estimating%20PW%20trends%20from%20reanalysis%20products%20%28ERA-Interim%29%2C%20which%20assimilate%20the%20unadjusted%20radiosonde%20humidity%20data%2C%20resulted%20in%20an%20artificial%20downward%20PW%20trend%20at%20almost%20all%20stations%20in%20China.%20The%20statistically%20significant%20GPS%20PW%20trends%20are%20predominantly%20positive%2C%20consistent%20in%20sign%20with%20the%20increase%20in%20moisture%20expected%20from%20the%20Clausius-Clapeyron%20relation%20due%20to%20a%20global%20temperature%20increase.%20The%20standard%20deviations%20of%20the%20differences%20between%20ERA-Interim%20and%20GPS%20PW%20in%20the%20summer%20were%203%20times%20larger%20than%20the%20observational%20error%20of%20GPS%20PW%2C%20suggesting%20that%20potentially%20significant%20improvements%20to%20the%20reanalysis%20could%20be%20achieved%20by%20assimilating%20denser%20GPS%20PW%20observations%20over%20China.%20This%20work%2C%20based%20on%20an%20entirely%20independent%20GPS%20PW%20dataset%2C%20confirms%20previously%20reported%20significant%20differences%20in%20radiosonde%20PW%20trends%20when%20using%20corrected%20data.%20Furthermore%2C%20the%20dense%20geographical%20coverage%20of%20the%20all-weather%20GPS%20PW%20observations%2C%20especially%20in%20remote%20areas%20in%20western%20China%2C%20provides%20a%20valuable%20resource%20for%20calibrating%20regional%20trends%20in%20reanalysis%20products.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fjcli-d-16-0591.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220894-8755%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NKRRBBTX%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20K.%20N.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Murphy%2C%20B.%20J.%20%282017%29.%20Improvements%20to%20GPS%20Airborne%20Radio%20Occultation%20in%20the%20Lower%20Troposphere%20Through%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Phase%20Matching%20Method.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E122%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2819%29%2C%2010215%26%23x2013%3B10230.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017jd026568%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2017jd026568%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Improvements%20to%20GPS%20Airborne%20Radio%20Occultation%20in%20the%20Lower%20Troposphere%20Through%20Implementation%20of%20the%20Phase%20Matching%20Method%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Airborne%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20is%20a%20remote%20sensing%20technique%20for%20atmospheric%20sounding%20using%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20signals%20received%20by%20an%20airborne%20instrument.%20The%20atmospheric%20refractivity%20profile%2C%20which%20depends%20on%20pressure%2C%20temperature%2C%20and%20water%20vapor%2C%20can%20be%20retrieved%20by%20measuring%20the%20signal%20delay%20due%20to%20the%20refractive%20medium%20through%20which%20the%20signal%20traverses.%20The%20ARO%20system%20was%20developed%20to%20make%20repeated%20observations%20within%20an%20individual%20meteorological%20event%20such%20as%20a%20tropical%20storm%2C%20regardless%20of%20the%20presence%20of%20clouds%20and%20precipitation%2C%20and%20complements%20existing%20observation%20techniques%20such%20as%20dropsondes%20and%20satellite%20remote%20sensing.%20RO%20systems%20can%20suffer%20multipath%20ray%20propagation%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere%20if%20there%20are%20strong%20refractivity%20gradients%2C%20for%20example%2C%20due%20to%20a%20highly%20variable%20moisture%20distribution%20or%20a%20sharp%20boundary%20layer%2C%20interfering%20with%20continuous%20carrier%20phase%20tracking%20as%20well%20as%20complicating%20retrievals.%20The%20phase%20matching%20method%20has%20now%20been%20adapted%20for%20ARO%20and%20is%20shown%20to%20reduce%20negative%20biases%20in%20the%20refractivity%20retrieval%20by%20providing%20robust%20retrievals%20of%20bending%20angle%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20multipath.%20The%20retrieval%20results%20are%20presented%20for%20a%20flight%20campaign%20in%20September%202010%20for%20Hurricane%20Karl%20in%20the%20Caribbean%20Sea.%20The%20accuracy%20is%20assessed%20through%20comparison%20with%20the%20European%20Centre%20for%20Medium%20Range%20Weather%20Forecasts%20Interim%20Reanalysis.%20The%20fractional%20difference%20in%20refractivity%20can%20be%20maintained%20at%20a%20standard%20deviation%20of%202%25%20from%20flight%20level%20down%20to%20a%20height%20of%202km.%20The%20phase%20matching%20method%20decreases%20the%20negative%20refractivity%20bias%20by%20as%20much%20as%204%25%20over%20the%20classical%20geometrical%20optics%20retrieval%20method.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2017jd026568%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22FCJPHB3R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Saunders%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESaunders%2C%20J.%20K.%2C%20Goldberg%2C%20D.%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20Offield%2C%20D.%20G.%2C%20Melgar%2C%20D.%2C%20Restrepo%2C%20J.%2C%20Fleischman%2C%20R.%20B.%2C%20Nema%2C%20A.%2C%20Geng%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Walls%2C%20C.%2C%20Mann%2C%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Mattioli%2C%20G.%20S.%20%282016%29.%20Seismogeodesy%20using%20GPS%20and%20low-cost%20MEMS%20accelerometers%3A%20Perspectives%20for%20earthquake%20early%20warning%20and%20rapid%20response.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E106%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%286%29%2C%202469%26%23x2013%3B2489.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120160062%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120160062%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seismogeodesy%20using%20GPS%20and%20low-cost%20MEMS%20accelerometers%3A%20Perspectives%20for%20earthquake%20early%20warning%20and%20rapid%20response%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saunders%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goldberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Offield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melgar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Restrepo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fleischman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nema%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Walls%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mattioli%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20seismogeodetic%20method%20computes%20accurate%20displacement%20and%20velocity%20waveforms%20by%20optimally%20extracting%20high-frequency%20information%20from%20strong-motion%20accelerometers%20and%20low-frequency%20information%20from%20collocated%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20instruments.%20These%20broadband%20observations%20retain%20the%20permanent%20%28static%29%20displacement%2C%20are%20immune%20to%20clipping%20and%20magnitude%20saturation%20for%20large%20earthquakes%2C%20and%20are%20sensitive%20enough%20to%20record%20P-wave%20arrivals.%20These%20characteristics%20make%20seismogeodesy%20suitable%20for%20real-time%20applications%20such%20as%20earthquake%20early%20warning.%20The%20Scripps%20Institution%20of%20Oceanography%20%28SIO%29%20has%20developed%20an%20inexpensive%20microelectromechanical%20systems%20%28MEMS%29%20accelerometer%20package%20to%20upgrade%20established%20GPS%20stations.%20We%20compare%20the%20performance%20of%20our%20MEMS%20accelerometer%20with%20an%20observatory-grade%20accelerometer%20using%20an%20experiment%20at%20the%20University%20of%20California%20San%20Diego%20Large%20High-Performance%20Outdoor%20Shake%20Table.%20We%20show%20that%20the%20two%20types%20of%20accelerometers%20agree%20in%20frequency%20ranges%20of%20seismological%20and%20engineering%20interest%20and%20produce%20equivalent%20seismogeodetic%20estimates%20of%20displacement%20and%20velocity.%20To%20date%2C%2027%20SIO%20MEMS%20packages%20have%20been%20installed%20at%20GPS%20monitoring%20stations%20in%20southern%20California%20and%20the%20San%20Francisco%20Bay%20area%20and%20have%20recorded%20four%20earthquakes%20%28M4.2%2C%20M4.1%2C%20and%20two%20of%20M4.0%29.%20The%20P-wave%20arrivals%20are%20distinguishable%20in%20the%20seismogeodetic%20observations%20at%20distances%20of%20up%20to%20similar%20to%2025%20km%20away%20but%20not%20in%20the%20GPS-only%20displacements.%20There%20is%20no%20significant%20permanent%20deformation%20for%20these%20small%20events.%20This%20study%20demonstrates%20the%20lower%20limit%20of%20detectability%20and%20that%20seismogeodetic%20waveforms%20can%20also%20be%20a%20reliable%20early%20confirmation%20that%20an%20event%20is%20not%20large%20or%20hazardous.%20It%20also%20raises%20the%20possibility%20of%20rapid%20magnitude%20estimation%20through%20scaling%20relationships.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120160062%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220037-1106%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-05-03T20%3A37%3A44Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22P7M4KBTY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZhang%2C%20W.%20X.%2C%20Lou%2C%20Y.%20D.%2C%20Gu%2C%20S.%20F.%2C%20Shi%2C%20C.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Liu%2C%20J.%20N.%20%282016%29.%20Joint%20estimation%20of%20GPS%5C%2FBDS%20real-time%20clocks%20and%20initial%20results.%20%3Ci%3EGps%20Solutions%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E20%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20665%26%23x2013%3B676.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10291-015-0476-y%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs10291-015-0476-y%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Joint%20estimation%20of%20GPS%5C%2FBDS%20real-time%20clocks%20and%20initial%20results%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Liu%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20present%20the%20joint%20estimation%20model%20for%20Global%20Positioning%20System%5C%2FBeiDou%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20%28GPS%5C%2FBDS%29%20real-time%20clocks%20and%20present%20the%20initial%20satellite%20clock%20solutions%20determined%20from%20106%20stations%20of%20the%20international%20GNSS%20service%20multi-GNSS%20experiment%20and%20the%20BeiDou%20experimental%20tracking%20stations%20networks%20for%201%20month%20in%20December%2C%202012.%20The%20model%20is%20shown%20to%20be%20efficient%20enough%20to%20have%20no%20practical%20computational%20limit%20for%20producing%201-Hz%20clock%20updates%20for%20real-time%20applications.%20The%20estimated%20clocks%20were%20assessed%20through%20the%20comparison%20with%20final%20clock%20products%20and%20the%20analysis%20of%20post-fit%20residuals.%20Using%20the%20estimated%20clocks%20and%20corresponding%20orbit%20products%20%28GPS%20ultra-rapid-predicted%20and%20BDS%20final%20orbits%29%2C%20the%20root-mean-square%20%28RMS%29%20values%20of%20coordinate%20differences%20from%20ground%20truth%20values%20are%20around%201%20and%202-3%20cm%20for%20GPS-only%20and%20BDS-only%20daily%20mean%20static%20precise%20point%20positioning%20%28PPP%29%20solutions%2C%20respectively.%20Accuracy%20of%20GPS%5C%2FBDS%20combined%20static%20PPP%20solutions%20falls%20in%20between%20that%20of%20GPS-only%20and%20BDS-only%20PPP%20results%2C%20with%20RMS%20values%20approximately%201-2%20cm%20in%20all%20three%20components.%20For%20static%20sites%2C%20processed%20in%20the%20kinematic%20PPP%20mode%2C%20the%20daily%20RMS%20values%20are%20normally%20within%204%20and%206%20cm%20after%20convergence%20for%20GPS-only%20and%20BDS-only%20results%2C%20respectively.%20In%20contrast%2C%20the%20combined%20GPS%5C%2FBDS%20kinematic%20PPP%20solutions%20show%20higher%20accuracy%20and%20shorter%20convergence%20time.%20Additionally%2C%20the%20BDS-only%20kinematic%20PPP%20solutions%20using%20clock%20products%20derived%20from%20the%20proposed%20joint%20estimation%20model%20were%20superior%20compared%20to%20those%20computed%20using%20the%20single-system%20estimation%20model.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs10291-015-0476-y%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221080-5370%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WSJ75RW6%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Adhikari%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EAdhikari%2C%20L.%2C%20Xie%2C%20F.%20Q.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282016%29.%20Application%20of%20the%20full%20spectrum%20inversion%20algorithm%20to%20simulated%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20signals.%20%3Ci%3EAtmospheric%20Measurement%20Techniques%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E9%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2810%29%2C%205077%26%23x2013%3B5087.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-9-5077-2016%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.5194%5C%2Famt-9-5077-2016%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Application%20of%20the%20full%20spectrum%20inversion%20algorithm%20to%20simulated%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20signals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Adhikari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20Q.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22With%20a%20GPS%20receiver%20on%20board%20an%20airplane%2C%20the%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20technique%20provides%20dense%20lower-tropospheric%20soundings%20over%20target%20regions.%20Large%20variations%20in%20water%20vapor%20in%20the%20troposphere%20cause%20strong%20signal%20multipath%2C%20which%20could%20lead%20to%20systematic%20errors%20in%20RO%20retrievals%20with%20the%20geometric%20optics%20%28GO%29%20method.%20The%20space-borne%20GPS%20RO%20community%20has%20successfully%20developed%20the%20full-spectrum%20inversion%20%28FSI%29%20technique%20to%20solve%20the%20multipath%20problem.%20This%20paper%20is%20the%20first%20to%20adapt%20the%20FSI%20technique%20to%20retrieve%20atmospheric%20properties%20%28bending%20and%20refractivity%29%20from%20ARO%20signals%2C%20where%20it%20is%20necessary%20to%20compensate%20for%20the%20receiver%20traveling%20on%20a%20non-circular%20trajectory%20inside%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20and%20its%20use%20is%20demonstrated%20using%20an%20end-to-end%20simulation%20system.%20The%20forward-simulated%20GPS%20L1%20%281575.42%20MHz%29%20signal%20amplitude%20and%20phase%20are%20used%20to%20test%20the%20modified%20FSI%20algorithm.%20The%20ARO%20FSI%20method%20is%20capable%20of%20reconstructing%20the%20fine%20vertical%20structure%20of%20the%20moist%20lower%20troposphere%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20severe%20multipath%2C%20which%20otherwise%20leads%20to%20large%20retrieval%20errors%20in%20the%20GO%20retrieval.%20The%20sensitivity%20of%20the%20modified%20FSI-retrieved%20bending%20angle%20and%20refractivity%20to%20errors%20in%20signal%20amplitude%20and%20errors%20in%20the%20measured%20refractivity%20at%20the%20receiver%20is%20presented.%20Accurate%20bending%20angle%20retrievals%20can%20be%20obtained%20from%20the%20surface%20up%20to%20similar%20to%20250m%20below%20the%20receiver%20at%20typical%20flight%20altitudes%20above%20the%20tropopause%2C%20above%20which%20the%20retrieved%20bending%20angle%20becomes%20highly%20sensitive%20to%20the%20phase%20measurement%20noise.%20Abrupt%20changes%20in%20the%20signal%20amplitude%20that%20are%20a%20challenge%20for%20receiver%20tracking%20and%20geometric%20optics%20bending%20angle%20retrieval%20techniques%20do%20not%20produce%20any%20systematic%20bias%20in%20the%20FSI%20retrievals%20when%20the%20SNR%20is%20high.%20For%20very%20low%20SNR%2C%20the%20FSI%20performs%20as%20expected%20from%20theoretical%20considerations.%20The%201%25%20in%20situ%20refractivity%20measurement%20errors%20at%20the%20receiver%20height%20can%20introduce%20a%20maximum%20refractivity%20retrieval%20error%20of%200.5%25%20%281%20K%29%20near%20the%20receiver%2C%20but%20the%20error%20decreases%20gradually%20to%20similar%20to%200.05%25%20%280.1%20K%29%20near%20the%20surface.%20In%20summary%2C%20the%20ARO%20FSI%20successfully%20retrieves%20the%20fine%20vertical%20structure%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20in%20the%20presence%20of%20multipath%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.5194%5C%2Famt-9-5077-2016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221867-1381%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VZLQYNYS%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Zhang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EZhang%2C%20W.%20X.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Hertzog%2C%20A.%2C%20Lou%2C%20Y.%20D.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Vincent%2C%20R.%20%282016%29.%20Improvement%20of%20stratospheric%20balloon%20GPS%20positioning%20and%20the%20impact%20on%20gravity%20wave%20parameter%20estimation%20for%20the%20Concordiasi%20campaign%20in%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E121%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2817%29%2C%209977%26%23x2013%3B9997.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015jd024596%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015jd024596%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Improvement%20of%20stratospheric%20balloon%20GPS%20positioning%20and%20the%20impact%20on%20gravity%20wave%20parameter%20estimation%20for%20the%20Concordiasi%20campaign%20in%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hertzog%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Gravity%20waves%20%28GWs%29%20play%20an%20important%20role%20in%20transferring%20energy%20and%20momentum%20from%20the%20troposphere%20to%20the%20middle%20atmosphere.%20However%2C%20shorter-scale%20GWs%20are%20generally%20not%20explicitly%20resolved%20in%20general%20circulation%20models%20but%20need%20to%20be%20parameterized%20instead.%20Super%20pressure%20balloons%20provide%20direct%20access%20to%20measure%20GW%20characteristics%20as%20a%20function%20of%20wave%20intrinsic%20frequency%20that%20are%20needed%20for%20these%20parameterizations.%20The%2030s%20sampling%20rate%20of%20the%20GPS%20receivers%20carried%20on%20the%20balloons%20deployed%20in%20the%202010%20Concordiasi%20campaign%20in%20the%20Antarctic%20is%20much%20higher%20compared%20to%20the%20previous%20campaigns%20and%20can%20cover%20the%20full%20range%20of%20the%20GW%20spectrum.%20Two%20among%2019%20balloons%20are%20also%20equipped%20with%20the%20dual-frequency%20GPS%20receivers%20initially%20developed%20for%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20research%20in%20addition%20to%20the%20single-frequency%20receivers%2C%20which%20are%20expected%20to%20provide%20better%20positions%20for%20GW%20parameter%20estimations.%20Improvements%20of%20the%20positions%20are%20significant%2C%20from%20similar%20to%203-10m%20horizontal%20and%20similar%20to%205m%20vertical%20to%20similar%20to%200.1%20and%200.2m%2C%20respectively%2C%20which%20makes%20it%20possible%20to%20resolve%20the%20Eulerian%20pressure%20independently%20of%20altitude%20for%20the%20intrinsic%20phase%20speed%20estimation.%20The%20lower%20position%20accuracy%20in%20the%20previous%20analysis%20of%20campaign%20results%20from%20the%20single-frequency%20GPS%20receiver%20was%20primarily%20due%20to%20a%20problem%20with%20the%20onboard%20clock%20that%20is%20not%20present%20in%20the%20new%20results.%20The%20impacts%20of%20the%20position%20improvements%20on%20the%20final%20GW%20parameters%20are%20highlighted%2C%20with%20larger%20difference%20in%20momentum%20flux%20for%20the%20shorter-scale%20GWs%20than%20for%20the%20longer%20scale%20GWs%20and%20significant%20difference%20in%20the%20distribution%20of%20the%20intrinsic%20phase%20speed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2015jd024596%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2254QGT6QR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wang%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222016-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EWang%2C%20K.%20N.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Acikoz%2C%20U.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20Muradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Lulich%2C%20T.%20%282016%29.%20Open-loop%20tracking%20of%20rising%20and%20setting%20GPS%20radio-occultation%20signals%20from%20an%20airborne%20platform%3A%20Signal%20model%20and%20error%20analysis.%20%3Ci%3EIeee%20Transactions%20on%20Geoscience%20and%20Remote%20Sensing%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E54%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%203967%26%23x2013%3B3984.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1109%5C%2Ftgrs.2016.2532346%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1109%5C%2Ftgrs.2016.2532346%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Open-loop%20tracking%20of%20rising%20and%20setting%20GPS%20radio-occultation%20signals%20from%20an%20airborne%20platform%3A%20Signal%20model%20and%20error%20analysis%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Acikoz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lulich%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20radio-occultation%20%28RO%29%20is%20an%20atmospheric%20sounding%20technique%20utilizing%20the%20received%20GPS%20signal%20through%20the%20stratified%20atmosphere%20to%20measure%20refractivity%2C%20which%20provides%20information%20on%20temperature%20and%20humidity.%20The%20GPS-RO%20technique%20is%20now%20operational%20on%20several%20Low%20Earth%20Orbiting%20%28LEO%29%20satellites%2C%20which%20cannot%20provide%20high%20temporal%20and%20spatial%20resolution%20soundings%20necessary%20to%20observe%20localized%20transient%20events%2C%20such%20as%20tropical%20storms.%20An%20airborne%20RO%20%28ARO%29%20system%20has%20thus%20been%20developed%20for%20localized%20GPS-RO%20campaigns.%20RO%20signals%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere%20are%20adversely%20affected%20by%20rapid%20phase%20accelerations%20and%20severe%20signal%20power%20fading.%20These%20signal%20dynamics%20often%20cause%20the%20phase-locked%20loop%20in%20conventional%20GPS%20survey%20receivers%20to%20lose%20lock%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere%2C%20and%20the%20open-loop%20%28OL%29%20tracking%20in%20postprocessing%20is%20used%20to%20overcome%20this%20problem.%20OL%20tracking%20also%20allows%20robust%20processing%20of%20rising%20GPS%20signals%2C%20approximately%20doubling%20the%20number%20of%20observed%20occultations.%20An%20approach%20for%20%5C%22backward%5C%22%20OL%20tracking%20was%20developed%2C%20in%20which%20the%20correlations%20are%20computed%20sequentially%20in%20reverse%20time%20so%20that%20the%20signal%20can%20be%20acquired%20and%20tracked%20at%20high%20elevations%20for%20rising%20occultations.%20Ultimately%2C%20the%20signal-to-noise%20ratio%20%28SNR%29%20limits%20the%20depth%20of%20tracking%20in%20the%20atmosphere.%20We%20have%20developed%20a%20model%20relating%20the%20SNR%20to%20the%20variance%20in%20the%20residual%20phase%20of%20the%20observed%20signal%20produced%20from%20OL%20tracking.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20the%20applicability%20of%20the%20phase%20variance%20model%20to%20airborne%20data.%20We%20then%20apply%20this%20model%20to%20set%20a%20threshold%20on%20refractivity%20retrieval%20based%20upon%20the%20cumulative%20unwrapping%20error%20bias%20to%20determine%20the%20altitude%20limit%20for%20reliable%20signal%20tracking.%20We%20also%20show%20consistency%20between%20the%20ARO%20SNR%20and%20collocated%20COSMIC%20satellite%20observations%20and%20use%20these%20results%20to%20evaluate%20the%20antenna%20requirements%20for%20an%20improved%20ARO%20system.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222016%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1109%5C%2Ftgrs.2016.2532346%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220196-2892%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CTEEAV3G%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moore%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-11%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMoore%2C%20A.%20W.%2C%20Small%2C%20I.%20J.%2C%20Gutman%2C%20S.%20I.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20Dumas%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Fang%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Jackson%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Laber%2C%20J.%20L.%20%282015%29.%20National%20Weather%20Service%20forecasters%20use%20GPS%20precipitable%20water%20vapor%20for%20enhanced%20situational%20awareness%20during%20the%20Southern%20California%20summer%20monsoon.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E96%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2811%29%2C%201867%26%23x2013%3B1877.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-14-00095.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-14-00095.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22National%20Weather%20Service%20forecasters%20use%20GPS%20precipitable%20water%20vapor%20for%20enhanced%20situational%20awareness%20during%20the%20Southern%20California%20summer%20monsoon%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22I.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Small%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20I.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gutman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dumas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jackson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Laber%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22During%20the%20North%20American%20Monsoon%2C%20low-to-midlevel%20moisture%20is%20transported%20in%20surges%20from%20the%20Gulf%20of%20California%20and%20Eastern%20Pacific%20Ocean%20into%20Mexico%20and%20the%20American%20Southwest.%20As%20rising%20levels%20of%20precipitable%20water%20interact%20with%20the%20mountainous%20terrain%2C%20severe%20thunderstorms%20can%20develop%2C%20resulting%20in%20flash%20floods%20that%20threaten%20life%20and%20property.%20The%20rapid%20evolution%20of%20these%20storms%2C%20coupled%20with%20the%20relative%20lack%20of%20upper-air%20and%20surface%20weather%20observations%20in%20the%20region%2C%20make%20them%20difficult%20to%20predict%20and%20monitor%2C%20and%20guidance%20from%20numerical%20weather%20prediction%20models%20can%20vary%20greatly%20under%20these%20conditions.%20Precipitable%20water%20vapor%20%28PW%29%20estimates%20derived%20from%20continuously%20operating%20ground-based%20GPS%20receivers%20have%20been%20available%20for%20some%20time%20from%20NOAA%27s%20GPS-Met%20program%2C%20but%20these%20observations%20have%20been%20of%20limited%20utility%20to%20operational%20forecasters%20in%20part%20due%20to%20poor%20spatial%20resolution.%20Under%20a%20NASA%20Advanced%20Information%20Systems%20Technology%20project%2C%2037%20real-time%20stations%20were%20added%20to%20NOAA%27s%20GPS-Met%20analysis%20providing%2030-min%20PW%20estimates%2C%20reducing%20station%20spacing%20from%20approximately%20150%20km%20to%2030%20km%20in%20Southern%20California.%20An%2018-22%20July%202013%20North%20American%20Monsoon%20event%20provided%20an%20opportunity%20to%20evaluate%20the%20utility%20of%20the%20additional%20upper-air%20moisture%20observations%20to%20enhance%20National%20Weather%20Service%20%28NWS%29%20forecaster%20situational%20awareness%20during%20the%20rapidly%20developing%20event.%20NWS%20forecasters%20used%20these%20additional%20data%20to%20detect%20rapid%20moisture%20increases%20at%20intervals%20between%20the%20available%201-6-h%20model%20updates%20and%20approximately%20twice-daily%20radiosonde%20observations%2C%20and%20these%20contributed%20tangibly%20to%20the%20issuance%20of%20timely%20flood%20watches%20and%20warnings%20in%20advance%20of%20flash%20floods%2C%20debris%20flows%2C%20and%20related%20road%20closures.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F11%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fbams-d-14-00095.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220003-0007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222023-10-25T15%3A53%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CJBZ82FI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Melgar%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMelgar%2C%20D.%2C%20Geng%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Crowell%2C%20B.%20W.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20Hammond%2C%20W.%20C.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Allen%2C%20R.%20M.%20%282015%29.%20Seismogeodesy%20of%20the%202014%20M%28w%296.1%20Napa%20earthquake%2C%20California%3A%20Rapid%20response%20and%20modeling%20of%20fast%20rupture%20on%20a%20dipping%20strike-slip%20fault.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Solid%20Earth%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E120%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%205013%26%23x2013%3B5033.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015jb011921%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2015jb011921%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seismogeodesy%20of%20the%202014%20M%28w%296.1%20Napa%20earthquake%2C%20California%3A%20Rapid%20response%20and%20modeling%20of%20fast%20rupture%20on%20a%20dipping%20strike-slip%20fault%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melgar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hammond%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Allen%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Real-time%20high-rate%20geodetic%20data%20have%20been%20shown%20to%20be%20useful%20for%20rapid%20earthquake%20response%20systems%20during%20medium%20to%20large%20events.%20The%202014%20M%28w%296.1%20Napa%2C%20California%20earthquake%20is%20important%20because%20it%20provides%20an%20opportunity%20to%20study%20an%20event%20at%20the%20lower%20threshold%20of%20what%20can%20be%20detected%20with%20GPS.%20We%20show%20the%20results%20of%20GPS-only%20earthquake%20source%20products%20such%20as%20peak%20ground%20displacement%20magnitude%20scaling%2C%20centroid%20moment%20tensor%20%28CMT%29%20solution%2C%20and%20static%20slip%20inversion.%20We%20also%20highlight%20the%20retrospective%20real-time%20combination%20of%20GPS%20and%20strong%20motion%20data%20to%20produce%20seismogeodetic%20waveforms%20that%20have%20higher%20precision%20and%20longer%20period%20information%20than%20GPS-only%20or%20seismic-only%20measurements%20of%20ground%20motion.%20We%20show%20their%20utility%20for%20rapid%20kinematic%20slip%20inversion%20and%20conclude%20that%20it%20would%20have%20been%20possible%2C%20with%20current%20real-time%20infrastructure%2C%20to%20determine%20the%20basic%20features%20of%20the%20earthquake%20source.%20We%20supplement%20the%20analysis%20with%20strong%20motion%20data%20collected%20close%20to%20the%20source%20to%20obtain%20an%20improved%20postevent%20image%20of%20the%20source%20process.%20The%20model%20reveals%20unilateral%20fast%20propagation%20of%20slip%20to%20the%20north%20of%20the%20hypocenter%20with%20a%20delayed%20onset%20of%20shallow%20slip.%20The%20source%20model%20suggests%20that%20the%20multiple%20strands%20of%20observed%20surface%20rupture%20are%20controlled%20by%20the%20shallow%20soft%20sediments%20of%20Napa%20Valley%20and%20do%20not%20necessarily%20represent%20the%20intersection%20of%20the%20main%20faulting%20surface%20and%20the%20free%20surface.%20We%20conclude%20that%20the%20main%20dislocation%20plane%20is%20westward%20dipping%20and%20should%20intersect%20the%20surface%20to%20the%20east%2C%20either%20where%20the%20easternmost%20strand%20of%20surface%20rupture%20is%20observed%20or%20at%20the%20location%20where%20the%20West%20Napa%20fault%20has%20been%20mapped%20in%20the%20past.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2015jb011921%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-9313%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-04-12T20%3A13%3A16Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T3XJMX3D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Murphy%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMurphy%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Muradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wang%2C%20K.%20N.%20%282015%29.%20Airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20refractivity%20profiles%20observed%20in%20tropical%20storm%20environments.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research-Atmospheres%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E120%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%201690%26%23x2013%3B1709.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014jd022931%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2014jd022931%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20refractivity%20profiles%20observed%20in%20tropical%20storm%20environments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20%28ARO%29%20data%20have%20been%20collected%20during%20the%202010%20PRE-Depression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud%20systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20experiment.%20GPS%20signals%20received%20by%20the%20airborne%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20Instrument%20System%20for%20Multistatic%20and%20Occultation%20Sensing%20%28GISMOS%29%20are%20used%20to%20retrieve%20vertical%20profiles%20of%20refractivity%20in%20the%20neutral%20atmosphere.%20The%20system%20includes%20a%20conventional%20geodetic%20GPS%20receiver%20component%20for%20straightforward%20validation%20of%20the%20analysis%20method%20in%20the%20middle%20to%20upper%20troposphere%2C%20and%20a%20high-sample%20rate%20%2810%20MHz%29%20GPS%20recorder%20for%20postprocessing%20complex%20signals%20that%20probe%20the%20lower%20troposphere.%20The%20results%20from%20the%20geodetic%20receivers%20are%20presented%20here.%20The%20retrieved%20ARO%20profiles%20consistently%20agree%20within%20similar%20to%202%25%20of%20refractivity%20profiles%20calculated%20from%20the%20European%20Center%20for%20Medium-Range%20Weather%20Forecasting%20model%20Interim%20reanalyses%20as%20well%20as%20from%20nearby%20dropsondes%20and%20radiosondes.%20Changes%20in%20refractivity%20obtained%20from%20ARO%20data%20over%20the%205days%20leading%20to%20the%20genesis%20of%20tropical%20storm%20Karl%20are%20consistent%20with%20moistening%20in%20the%20vicinity%20of%20the%20storm%20center.%20An%20open-loop%20tracking%20method%20was%20implemented%20in%20a%20test%20case%20to%20analyze%20GPS%20signals%20from%20the%20GISMOS%2010%20MHz%20recording%20system%20for%20comparison%20with%20geodetic%20receiver%20data.%20The%20open-loop%20mode%20successfully%20tracked%20similar%20to%202%20km%20deeper%20into%20the%20troposphere%20than%20the%20conventional%20receiver%20and%20can%20also%20track%20rising%20occultations%2C%20illustrating%20the%20benefit%20from%20the%20high-rate%20recording%20system.%20Accurate%20refractivity%20retrievals%20are%20an%20important%20first%20step%20toward%20the%20future%20goal%20of%20assimilating%20moisture%20profiles%20to%20improve%20forecasting%20of%20developing%20storms%20using%20this%20new%20GPS%20occultation%20technique.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2014jd022931%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222169-897X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GKCYKU8A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Villamil-Otero%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EVillamil-Otero%2C%20G.%2C%20Meiszberg%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Min%2C%20K.%20H.%2C%20Jury%2C%20M.%20R.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Braun%2C%20J.%20J.%20%282015%29.%20Topographic-thermal%20circulations%20and%20GPS-measured%20moisture%20variability%20around%20Mayaguez%2C%20Puerto%20Rico.%20%3Ci%3EEarth%20Interactions%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E19%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fei-d-14-0022.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2Fei-d-14-0022.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Topographic-thermal%20circulations%20and%20GPS-measured%20moisture%20variability%20around%20Mayaguez%2C%20Puerto%20Rico%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Villamil-Otero%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meiszberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Min%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jury%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Braun%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22To%20investigate%20topographic-thermal%20circulations%20and%20the%20associated%20moisture%20variability%20over%20western%20Puerto%20Rico%2C%20field%20data%20were%20collected%20from%2015%20to%2031%20March%202011.%20Surface%20meteorological%20instruments%20and%20ground-based%20GPS%20receivers%20measured%20the%20circulation%20and%20precipitable%20water%20with%20high%20spatial%20and%20temporal%20resolution%2C%20and%20the%20Weather%20Research%20and%20Forecasting%20%28WRF%29%20Model%20was%20used%20to%20simulate%20the%20mesoscale%20flow%20at%201-km%20resolution.%20A%20westerly%20onshore%20flow%20of%20similar%20to%204ms%28-1%29%20over%20Mayaguez%20Bay%20was%20observed%20on%20many%20days%2C%20due%20to%20an%20interaction%20between%20thermally%20driven%20%5B3%20degrees%20C%20%2810%20km%29%28-1%29%5D%20sea-breeze%20circulation%20and%20an%20island%20wake%20comprised%20of%20twin%20gyres.%20The%20thermally%20driven%20sea%20breeze%20occurred%20only%20when%20easterly%20synoptic%20winds%20favorably%20oriented%20the%20gyres%20with%20respect%20to%20the%20coast.%20Moisture%20associated%20with%20onshore%20flow%20was%20characterized%20by%20GPS%20measured%20precipitable%20water%20%28PW%29.%20There%20is%20diurnal%20cycling%20of%20PW%20%3E%203%20cm%20over%20the%20west%20coast%20during%20periods%20of%20onshore%20flow.%20The%20WRF%20Model%20tends%20to%20overestimate%20PWon%20the%20west%20side%20of%20the%20island%2C%20suggesting%20evapotranspiration%20as%20a%20process%20needing%20further%20attention.%20Fluctuations%20of%20PW%20affect%20local%20rainfall%20in%20times%20of%20convective%20instability.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%5C%2F01%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2Fei-d-14-0022.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221087-3562%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226HTA6XEI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20B.%20J.%2C%20Muradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20Nievinski%2C%20F.%20G.%2C%20Larson%2C%20K.%20M.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Wang%2C%20K.%20N.%20%282014%29.%20First%20results%20from%20an%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20system%20for%20atmospheric%20profiling.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E41%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%285%29%2C%201759%26%23x2013%3B1765.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013gl058681%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013gl058681%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22First%20results%20from%20an%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20system%20for%20atmospheric%20profiling%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nievinski%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Larson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20radio%20occultation%20%28RO%29%20from%20low%20Earth-orbiting%20satellites%20has%20increased%20the%20quantity%20of%20high-vertical%20resolution%20atmospheric%20profiles%2C%20especially%20over%20oceans%2C%20and%20has%20significantly%20improved%20global%20weather%20forecasting.%20A%20new%20system%2C%20the%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20Systems%20Instrument%20System%20for%20Multistatic%20and%20Occultation%20Sensing%20%28GISMOS%29%2C%20has%20been%20developed%20for%20RO%20sounding%20from%20aircraft.%20GISMOS%20also%20provides%20high-vertical%20resolution%20profiles%20that%20are%20insensitive%20to%20clouds%20and%20precipitation%2C%20and%20in%20addition%2C%20provides%20greater%20control%20on%20the%20sampling%20location%2C%20useful%20for%20targeted%20regional%20studies.%20The%20feasibility%20of%20the%20system%20is%20demonstrated%20with%20a%20flight%20carried%20out%20during%20development%20of%20an%20Atlantic%20tropical%20storm.%20The%20data%20have%20been%20evaluated%20through%20a%20comparison%20with%20dropsonde%20data.%20The%20new%20airborne%20RO%20system%20will%20effectively%20increase%20by%20more%20than%2050%25%20the%20number%20of%20profiles%20available%20for%20studying%20the%20evolution%20of%20tropical%20storms%20during%20this%20campaign%20and%20could%20potentially%20be%20deployed%20on%20commercial%20aircraft%20in%20the%20future.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2013gl058681%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%225FZTCI9C%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Crowell%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ECrowell%2C%20B.%20W.%2C%20Melgar%2C%20D.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Geng%2C%20J.%20H.%20%282013%29.%20Earthquake%20magnitude%20scaling%20using%20seismogeodetic%20data.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E40%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2823%29%2C%206089%26%23x2013%3B6094.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013gl058391%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2F2013gl058391%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Earthquake%20magnitude%20scaling%20using%20seismogeodetic%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melgar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geng%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20combination%20of%20GPS%20and%20strong-motion%20data%20to%20estimate%20seismogeodetic%20waveforms%20creates%20a%20data%20set%20that%20is%20sensitive%20to%20the%20entire%20spectrum%20of%20ground%20displacement%20and%20the%20full%20extent%20of%20coseismic%20slip.%20In%20this%20study%20we%20derive%20earthquake%20magnitude%20scaling%20relationships%20using%20seismogeodetic%20observations%20of%20either%20P%20wave%20amplitude%20or%20peak%20ground%20displacements%20from%20five%20earthquakes%20in%20Japan%20and%20California%20ranging%20in%20magnitude%20from%205.3%20to%209.0.%20The%20addition%20of%20the%20low-frequency%20component%20allows%20rapid%20distinction%20of%20earthquake%20size%20for%20large%20magnitude%20events%20with%20high%20precision%2C%20unlike%20accelerometer%20data%20that%20saturate%20for%20earthquakes%20greater%20than%20M%207%20to%208%2C%20and%20is%20available%20well%20before%20the%20coseismic%20displacements%20are%20emplaced.%20These%20results%2C%20though%20based%20on%20a%20limited%20seismogeodetic%20data%20set%2C%20support%20earlier%20studies%20that%20propose%20it%20may%20be%20possible%20to%20estimate%20the%20final%20magnitude%20of%20an%20earthquake%20well%20before%20the%20rupture%20is%20complete.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F12%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2F2013gl058391%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220094-8276%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-28T00%3A12%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222NMQTQPD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Symithe%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3ESymithe%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Freed%2C%20A.%20M.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Douilly%2C%20R.%20%282013%29.%20Coseismic%20slip%20distribution%20of%20the%202010%20m%207.0%20Haiti%20earthquake%20and%20resulting%20stress%20changes%20on%20regional%20faults.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E103%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%202326%26%23x2013%3B2343.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120120306%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120120306%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coseismic%20slip%20distribution%20of%20the%202010%20m%207.0%20Haiti%20earthquake%20and%20resulting%20stress%20changes%20on%20regional%20faults%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Symithe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Freed%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Douilly%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%2012%20January%202010%20M-w%207.0%20Haiti%20earthquake%20ruptured%20the%20previously%20unmapped%20Leogane%20fault%2C%20a%20secondary%20transpressional%20structure%20located%20close%20to%20the%20Enriquillo%20fault%2C%20the%20major%20fault%20system%20assumed%20to%20be%20the%20primary%20source%20of%20seismic%20hazard%20for%20southern%20Haiti.%20In%20the%20absence%20of%20a%20precise%20aftershock%20catalog%2C%20previous%20estimations%20of%20coseismic%20slip%20had%20to%20infer%20the%20rupture%20geometry%20from%20geodetic%20and%5C%2For%20seismological%20data.%20Here%20we%20use%20a%20catalog%20of%20precisely%20relocated%20aftershocks%20beginning%20one%20month%20after%20the%20event%20and%20covering%20the%20following%205%20months%20to%20constrain%20the%20rupture%20geometry%2C%20estimate%20a%20slip%20distribution%20from%20an%20inversion%20of%20Global%20Positional%20Systems%20%28GPS%29%2C%20Interferometric%20Synthetic%20Aperture%20Radar%20%28InSAR%29%20and%20coastal%20uplift%20data%2C%20and%20calculate%20the%20resulting%20changes%20of%20Coulomb%20failure%20stress%20on%20neighboring%20faults.%20The%20relocated%20aftershocks%20confirm%20a%20north-dipping%20structure%20consistent%20with%20the%20Leogane%20fault%2C%20as%20inferred%20from%20previous%20slip%20inversions%2C%20but%20with%20two%20subfaults%2C%20each%20corresponding%20to%20a%20major%20slip%20patch.%20The%20rupture%20increased%20Coulomb%20stresses%20on%20the%20shallow%20Enriquillo%20fault%20parallel%20to%20the%20Leogane%20rupture%20surface%20and%20to%20the%20west%20%28Miragoane%20area%29%20and%20east%20%28Port-au-Prince%29.%20Results%20show%20that%20the%20cluster%20of%20reverse%20faulting%20earthquakes%20observed%20further%20to%20the%20west%2C%20coincident%20with%20the%20offshore%20Trois%20Baies%20fault%2C%20are%20triggered%20by%20an%20increase%20in%20Coulomb%20stress.%20Other%20major%20regional%20faults%20did%20not%20experience%20a%20significant%20change%20in%20stress.%20The%20increase%20of%20stress%20on%20faults%20such%20as%20the%20Enriquillo%20are%20a%20concern%2C%20as%20this%20could%20advance%20the%20timing%20of%20future%20events%20on%20this%20fault%2C%20still%20capable%20of%20magnitude%207%20or%20greater%20earthquakes.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120120306%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220037-1106%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A58Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22566ILHGL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Douilly%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-08%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDouilly%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Ellsworth%2C%20W.%20L.%2C%20Bouin%2C%20M.%20P.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20Symithe%2C%20S.%20J.%2C%20Armbruster%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20de%20Lepinay%2C%20B.%20M.%2C%20Deschamps%2C%20A.%2C%20Mildor%2C%20S.%20L.%2C%20Meremonte%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hough%2C%20S.%20E.%20%282013%29.%20Crustal%20structure%20and%20fault%20geometry%20of%20the%202010%20Haiti%20earthquake%20from%20temporary%20seismometer%20deployments.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E103%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%202305%26%23x2013%3B2325.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120120303%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120120303%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Crustal%20structure%20and%20fault%20geometry%20of%20the%202010%20Haiti%20earthquake%20from%20temporary%20seismometer%20deployments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Douilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellsworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Symithe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Armbruster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22de%20Lepinay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deschamps%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mildor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meremonte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hough%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Haiti%20has%20been%20the%20locus%20of%20a%20number%20of%20large%20and%20damaging%20historical%20earthquakes.%20The%20recent%2012%20January%202010%20M-w%207.0%20earthquake%20affected%20cities%20that%20were%20largely%20unprepared%2C%20which%20resulted%20in%20tremendous%20losses.%20It%20was%20initially%20assumed%20that%20the%20earthquake%20ruptured%20the%20Enriquillo%20Plantain%20Garden%20fault%20%28EPGF%29%2C%20a%20major%20active%20structure%20in%20southern%20Haiti%2C%20known%20from%20geodetic%20measurements%20and%20its%20geomorphic%20expression%20to%20be%20capable%20of%20producing%20M%207%20or%20larger%20earthquakes.%20Global%20Positioning%20Systems%20%28GPS%29%20and%20Interferometric%20Synthetic%20Aperture%20Radar%20%28InSAR%29%20data%2C%20however%2C%20showed%20that%20the%20event%20ruptured%20a%20previously%20unmapped%20fault%2C%20the%20Leogane%20fault%2C%20a%20north-dipping%20oblique%20transpressional%20fault%20located%20immediately%20north%20of%20the%20EPGF.%20Following%20the%20earthquake%2C%20several%20groups%20installed%20temporary%20seismic%20stations%20to%20record%20aftershocks%2C%20including%20ocean-bottom%20seismometers%20on%20either%20side%20of%20the%20EPGF.%20We%20use%20data%20from%20the%20complete%20set%20of%20stations%20deployed%20after%20the%20event%2C%20on%20land%20and%20offshore%2C%20to%20relocate%20all%20aftershocks%20from%2010%20February%20to%2024%20June%202010%2C%20determine%20a%201D%20regional%20crustal%20velocity%20model%2C%20and%20calculate%20focal%20mechanisms.%20The%20aftershock%20locations%20from%20the%20combined%20dataset%20clearly%20delineate%20the%20Leogane%20fault%2C%20with%20a%20geometry%20close%20to%20that%20inferred%20from%20geodetic%20data.%20Its%20strike%20and%20dip%20closely%20agree%20with%20the%20global%20centroid%20moment%20tensor%20solution%20of%20the%20mainshock%20but%20with%20a%20steeper%20dip%20than%20inferred%20from%20previous%20finite%20fault%20inversions.%20The%20aftershocks%20also%20delineate%20a%20structure%20with%20shallower%20southward%20dip%20offshore%20and%20to%20the%20west%20of%20the%20rupture%20zone%2C%20which%20could%20indicate%20triggered%20seismicity%20on%20the%20offshore%20Trois%20Baies%20reverse%20fault.%20We%20use%20first-motion%20focal%20mechanisms%20to%20clarify%20the%20relationship%20of%20the%20fault%20geometry%20to%20the%20triggered%20aftershocks.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F08%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120120303%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220037-1106%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22UBXXXL8R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Geng%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-07%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A4%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGeng%2C%20J.%20H.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20Melgar%2C%20D.%2C%20Crowell%2C%20B.%20W.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282013%29.%20A%20new%20seismogeodetic%20approach%20applied%20to%20GPS%20and%20accelerometer%20observations%20of%20the%202012%20Brawley%20seismic%20swarm%3A%20Implications%20for%20earthquake%20early%20warning.%20%3Ci%3EGeochemistry%20Geophysics%20Geosystems%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E14%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%287%29%2C%202124%26%23x2013%3B2142.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20144%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fggge.20144%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20new%20seismogeodetic%20approach%20applied%20to%20GPS%20and%20accelerometer%20observations%20of%20the%202012%20Brawley%20seismic%20swarm%3A%20Implications%20for%20earthquake%20early%20warning%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Geng%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melgar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%2026%20August%202012%20Brawley%20seismic%20swarm%20of%20hundreds%20of%20events%20ranging%20from%20M1.4%20to%20M5.5%20in%20the%20Salton%20Trough%2C%20California%20provides%20a%20unique%20data%20set%20to%20investigate%20a%20new%20seismogeodetic%20approach%20that%20combines%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20and%20accelerometer%20observations%20to%20estimate%20displacement%20and%20velocity%20waveforms.%20First%20in%20simulated%20real-time%20mode%2C%20we%20analyzed%201-5%20Hz%20GPS%20data%20collected%20by%2017%20stations%20fully%20encircling%20the%20swarm%20zone%20at%20near-source%20distances%20up%20to%20about%2040km%20using%20precise%20point%20positioning%20with%20ambiguity%20resolution%20%28PPP-AR%29.%20We%20used%20a%20reference%20network%20of%20North%20American%20GPS%20stations%20well%20outside%20the%20region%20of%20deformation%20to%20estimate%20fractional-cycle%20biases%20and%20satellite%20clock%20parameters%2C%20which%20were%20then%20combined%20with%20ultrarapid%20orbits%20from%20the%20International%20GNSS%20Service%20to%20estimate%20positions%20during%20the%20Brawley%20seismic%20swarm.%20Next%2C%20we%20estimated%20seismogeodetic%20displacements%20and%20velocities%20from%20GPS%20phase%20and%20pseudorange%20observations%20and%20100-200%20Hz%20accelerations%20collected%20at%20three%20pairs%20of%20GPS%20and%20seismic%20stations%20in%20close%20proximity%20using%20a%20new%20tightly%20coupled%20Kalman%20filter%20approach%20as%20an%20extension%20of%20the%20PPP-AR%20process.%20We%20can%20clearly%20discern%20body%20waves%20in%20the%20velocity%20waveforms%2C%20including%20P-wave%20arrivals%20not%20detectable%20with%20the%20GPS-only%20approach%20for%20earthquake%20magnitudes%20as%20low%20as%20M-w%204.6%20and%20significant%20static%20offsets%20for%20magnitudes%20as%20low%20as%20M-w%205.4.%20Our%20study%20shows%20that%20GPS%20networks%20upgraded%20with%20strong%20motion%20accelerometers%20can%20provide%20new%20information%20for%20improved%20understanding%20of%20the%20earthquake%20rupture%20process%20and%20be%20of%20critical%20value%20in%20creating%20a%20robust%20early%20warning%20system%20for%20any%20earthquake%20of%20societal%20significance.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F07%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fggge.20144%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221525-2027%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-14T17%3A41%3A25Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22K3UAAN7W%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Melgar%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-06%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMelgar%2C%20D.%2C%20Crowell%2C%20B.%20W.%2C%20Bock%2C%20Y.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282013%29.%20Rapid%20modeling%20of%20the%202011%20Mw%209.0%20Tohoku-oki%20earthquake%20with%20seismogeodesy.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20n%5C%2Fa-n%5C%2Fa.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fgrl.50590%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1002%5C%2Fgrl.50590%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Rapid%20modeling%20of%20the%202011%20Mw%209.0%20Tohoku-oki%20earthquake%20with%20seismogeodesy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Diego%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Melgar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brendan%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Crowell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yehuda%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Rapid%20characterization%20of%20finite%20fault%20geometry%20and%20slip%20for%20large%20earthquakes%20is%20important%20for%20mitigation%20of%20seismic%20and%20tsunamigenic%20hazards.%20Saturation%20of%20near-source%20weak%20motion%20and%20problematic%20integration%20of%20strong-motion%20data%20into%20displacements%20make%20this%20difficult%20in%20real%20time.%20Combining%20GPS%20and%20accelerometer%20data%20to%20estimate%20seismogeodetic%20displacement%20waveforms%20overcomes%20these%20limitations%20by%20providing%20mm-level%20three-dimensional%20accuracy%20and%20improved%20estimation%20of%20coseismic%20deformation%20compared%20to%20GPS-only%20methods.%20We%20leverage%20collocated%20GPS%20and%20accelerometer%20data%20from%20the%202011%20Mw%209.0%20Tohoku-oki%2C%20Japan%20earthquake%20by%20replaying%20them%20in%20simulated%20real-time%20mode.%20Using%20a%20novel%20approach%20to%20account%20for%20fault%20finiteness%2C%20we%20generate%20an%20accurate%20centroid%20moment%20tensor%20solution%20independently%20of%20any%20constraint%20on%20the%20slab%20geometry%20followed%20by%20a%20finite%20fault%20slip%20model.%20The%20replay%20of%20GPS%20and%20seismic%20data%20demonstrates%20that%20robust%20models%20could%20have%20been%20made%20available%20within%203%20min%20of%20earthquake%20initiation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F06%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1002%5C%2Fgrl.50590%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221944-8007%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%22B8QUKCT4%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-07T18%3A18%3A49Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22GDW627CB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bowling%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222013-03%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EBowling%2C%20T.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282013%29.%20Detection%20and%20modelling%20of%20the%20ionospheric%20perturbation%20caused%20by%20a%20Space%20Shuttle%20launch%20using%20a%20network%20of%20ground-based%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20stations.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Journal%20International%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E192%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%201324%26%23x2013%3B1331.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fgji%5C%2Fggs101%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fgji%5C%2Fggs101%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Detection%20and%20modelling%20of%20the%20ionospheric%20perturbation%20caused%20by%20a%20Space%20Shuttle%20launch%20using%20a%20network%20of%20ground-based%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20stations%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20exhaust%20plume%20of%20the%20Space%20Shuttle%20during%20its%20ascent%20triggers%20acoustic%20waves%20which%20propagate%20through%20the%20atmosphere%20and%20induce%20electron%20density%20changes%20at%20ionospheric%20heights%20which%20changes%20can%20be%20measured%20using%20ground-based%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20phase%20data.%20Here%2C%20we%20use%20a%20network%20of%20GPS%20stations%20to%20study%20the%20acoustic%20wave%20generated%20by%20the%20STS-125%20Space%20Shuttle%20launch%20on%20May%2011%2C%202009.%20We%20detect%20the%20resulting%20changes%20in%20ionospheric%20electron%20density%2C%20with%20characteristics%20that%20are%20typical%20of%20acoustic%20waves%20triggered%20by%20explosions%20at%20or%20near%20the%20Earth%27s%20surface%20or%20in%20the%20atmosphere.%20We%20successfully%20reproduce%20the%20amplitude%20and%20timing%20of%20the%20observed%20signal%20using%20a%20ray-tracing%20model%20with%20a%20moving%20source%20whose%20amplitude%20is%20directly%20scaled%20by%20a%20physical%20model%20of%20the%20shuttle%20exhaust%20energy%2C%20acoustic%20propagation%20in%20a%20dispersive%20atmosphere%20and%20a%20simplified%20two-fluid%20model%20of%20collisions%20between%20neutral%20gas%20and%20free%20electrons%20in%20the%20ionosphere.%20The%20close%20match%20between%20observed%20and%20model%20waveforms%20validates%20the%20modelling%20approach.%20This%20raises%20the%20possibility%20of%20using%20ground-based%20GPS%20networks%20to%20estimate%20the%20acoustic%20energy%20release%20of%20explosive%20sources%20near%20the%20Earth%27s%20surface%20or%20in%20atmosphere%2C%20and%20to%20constrain%20some%20atmospheric%20acoustic%20parameters.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222013%5C%2F03%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fgji%5C%2Fggs101%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220956-540X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A57Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KRJ9ZBHC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Evans%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EEvans%2C%20C.%2C%20Archambault%2C%20H.%20M.%2C%20Cordeira%2C%20J.%20M.%2C%20Fritz%2C%20C.%2C%20Galarneau%20Jr.%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Gjorjievska%2C%20S.%2C%20Griffin%2C%20K.%20S.%2C%20Johnson%2C%20A.%2C%20Komaromi%2C%20W.%20A.%2C%20Monette%2C%20S.%2C%20Muradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20Murphy%2C%20B.%2C%20Riemer%2C%20M.%2C%20Sears%2C%20J.%2C%20Stern%2C%20D.%2C%20Tang%2C%20B.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Thompson%2C%20S.%20%282012%29.%20The%20Pre-Depression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud-systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20field%20campaign%3A%20Perspectives%20of%20early%20career%20scientists.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E92%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20173%26%23x2013%3B187.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00024.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00024.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Pre-Depression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud-systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20field%20campaign%3A%20Perspectives%20of%20early%20career%20scientists%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Archambault%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cordeira%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fritz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Galarneau%20Jr.%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gjorjievska%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Griffin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Komaromi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Monette%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Murphy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Riemer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sears%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stern%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Tang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thompson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00024.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2244X4EX84%22%2C%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-14T17%3A41%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NQYWZA59%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Muradyan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMuradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Acikoz%2C%20U.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Xie%2C%20F.%2C%20Lulich%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Ventre%2C%20B.%20D.%20%282012%29.%20Profiling%20the%20atmosphere%20with%20the%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20technique%20using%20open-loop%20tracking.%20%3Ci%3EJournal%20of%20Geophysical%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Edraft-to%20be%20submitted%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%2059%20pages.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Profiling%20the%20atmosphere%20with%20the%20airborne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20technique%20using%20open-loop%20tracking%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22U.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Acikoz%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lulich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ventre%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20GNSS%20Instrument%20System%20for%20Multistatic%20and%20Occultation%20Sensing%20%28GISMOS%29%20is%20designed%20for%20dense%20sampling%20of%20meteorological%20targets%20using%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20%28RO%29.%20This%20limb-sounding%20technique%20measures%20the%20signal%20Doppler%20shift%20due%20to%20refraction%20and%20retrieves%20refractivity%20profiles%20that%20are%20directly%20related%20to%20pressure%2C%20temperature%20and%20moisture.%20These%20first%20results%20from%20the%20airborne%20RO%20system%20demonstrate%20the%20potential%20to%20contribute%20to%20numerical%20weather%20prediction%20by%20reliably%20providing%20many%20high%20vertical%20resolution%20profiles%20in%20an%20area%20of%20interest%20compared%20to%20similar%20measurements%20made%20from%20space.%20GISMOS%20includes%20a%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20radio%20frequency%20signal%20recorder%20for%20open-loop%20%28OL%29%20tracking%20of%20the%20signal%20in%20the%20lower%20troposphere%2C%20where%20conventional%20closed-loop%20receivers%20fail.%20%5Cn%5CnThe%20first%20comprehensive%20performance%20analysis%20of%20the%20airborne%20OL%20profiling%20method%20is%20presented%2C%20showing%20that%20OL%20tracking%20consistently%20samples%20as%20low%20as%200.3%20to%203.4%20km%20altitude%20for%20both%20rising%20and%20setting%20occultations.%20The%20only%20missed%20occultations%20during%20the%205-hour%20flight%20are%20due%20to%20missing%20global%20tracking%20network%20data%20and%20aircraft%20turns.%20The%20system%20on%20a%20straight%20flight%20path%20would%20measure%2C%20on%20average%2C%203%20occultations%20per%20hour%20of%20flight.%20The%20refractivity%20profiles%20found%20using%20a%20geometric%20optics%20retrieval%20algorithm%20closely%20follow%20the%20vertical%20variations%20seen%20in%20the%20European%20Center%20for%20Medium%20Range%20Weather%20Forecasting%20analysis%20with%20a%20standard%20deviation%20of%201.5%5C%5C%25%20at%20upper%20and%20mid-tropospheric%20levels%2C%20well%20within%20the%20range%20of%20observation%20errors%20typically%20assigned%20during%20assimilation%20of%20RO%20data.%20However%2C%20the%20data%20currently%20have%20large%20biases.%20Potential%20causes%20for%20the%20retrieval%20biases%20are%20discussed.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226MQXEZDY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Montgomery%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMontgomery%2C%20M.%20T.%2C%20Davis%2C%20C.%2C%20Dunkerton%2C%20T.%20J.%2C%20Wang%2C%20Z.%2C%20Velden%2C%20C.%2C%20Torn%2C%20R.%2C%20Majumdar%2C%20S.%2C%20Zhang%2C%20F.%2C%20Smith%2C%20R.%20K.%2C%20Bosart%2C%20L.%2C%20Bell%2C%20M.%20M.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Heymsfield%2C%20A.%2C%20Jensen%2C%20J.%2C%20Campos%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Boothe%2C%20M.%20A.%20%282012%29.%20The%20Pre-Depression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud%20Systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20Experiment%3A%20Scientific%20basis%2C%20new%20analysis%20tools%20and%20some%20first%20results.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E92%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%289%29%2C%20153%26%23x2013%3B172.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00046.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00046.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Pre-Depression%20Investigation%20of%20Cloud%20Systems%20in%20the%20Tropics%20%28PREDICT%29%20Experiment%3A%20Scientific%20basis%2C%20new%20analysis%20tools%20and%20some%20first%20results%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Montgomery%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Davis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dunkerton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Z.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Velden%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Torn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Majumdar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Smith%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bosart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heymsfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jensen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Campos%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boothe%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2FBAMS-D-11-00046.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2248QUIA43%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Maldonado-Vargas%2C%20J.%2C%20Rabier%2C%20F.%2C%20Cocquerez%2C%20P.%2C%20Minois%2C%20M.%2C%20Guidard%2C%20V.%2C%20Wyss%2C%20P.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Johnson%2C%20A.%20V.%20%282012%29.%20A%20Proof-of-Concept%20Balloon-borne%20GPS%20Radio%20Occultation%20Profiling%20System%20for%20Polar%20Studies.%20%3Ci%3EGeophysical%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E39%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20doi%3A10.1029%5C%2F2011GL049982.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2011GL049982%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1029%5C%2F2011GL049982%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22A%20Proof-of-Concept%20Balloon-borne%20GPS%20Radio%20Occultation%20Profiling%20System%20for%20Polar%20Studies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Maldonado-Vargas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Florence%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rabier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philippe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cocquerez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marc%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Minois%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vincent%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Guidard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wyss%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%20V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Johnson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Global%20warming%20has%20focused%20attention%20on%20the%20polar%20regions%20and%20recent%20changes%20in%20sea%20and%20land%20ice%20distribution.%20Accurate%20modeling%20of%20the%20future%20evolution%20of%20climate%20and%20weather%20in%20the%20Antarctic%20relies%20heavily%20on%20remote%20sensing%20observations.%20However%2C%20their%20reliable%20assimilation%20into%20numerical%20weather%20models%20and%20reanalyses%20is%20challenging%20because%20of%20the%20unique%20environment%20and%20sparsity%20of%20in-situ%20observations%20for%20validation.%20We%20developed%20a%20stratospheric%20balloon-borne%20GPS%20radio%20occultation%20system%20for%20the%202010%20Concordiasi%20campaign%20to%20provide%20refractivity%20and%20derived%20temperature%20profiles%20for%20improving%20satellite%20data%20assimilation.%20The%20observed%20excess%20phase%20delay%20profiles%20agree%20with%20those%20simulated%20from%20model%20and%20dropsonde%20profiles.%20711%20occultations%20were%20recorded%20from%20two%20balloons%2C%20comparable%20to%20the%20number%20of%20profiles%20acquired%20by%2013%20driftsonde%20balloons.%20Of%20these%20profiles%2C%2032%25%20descended%20to%204%20km%20above%20the%20surface%2C%20without%20open-loop%20receiver%20tracking%20technology%2C%20demonstrating%20it%20is%20possible%20to%20retrieve%20useful%20information%20with%20relatively%20simple%20low%20cost%20instruments.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1029%5C%2F2011GL049982%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IUGV857R%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Douilly%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EDouilly%2C%20R.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Ellsworth%2C%20W.%20L.%2C%20Bouin%2C%20M.-P.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20Symithe%2C%20S.%2C%20Armbruster%2C%20J.%20G.%2C%20Mercier%20De%20Lepinay%2C%20B.%20F.%2C%20Deschamps%2C%20A.%2C%20Saint-Louis%2C%20M.%2C%20Meremonte%2C%20M.%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hough%2C%20S.%20E.%20%282012%29.%20Improving%20the%20resolution%20of%20the%202010%20Haiti%20earthquake%20fault%20geometry%20using%20temporary%20seismometer%20deployments.%20%3Ci%3EBull.%20Seis.%20Soc.%20Am%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Esubmitted%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Improving%20the%20resolution%20of%20the%202010%20Haiti%20earthquake%20fault%20geometry%20using%20temporary%20seismometer%20deployments%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Douilly%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ellsworth%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.-P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Symithe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Armbruster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mercier%20De%20Lepinay%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Deschamps%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saint-Louis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Meremonte%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hough%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Haiti%20has%20several%20active%20faults%20that%20are%20capable%20of%20producing%20large%20earthquakes%20such%20as%20the%202010%20Mw%207.0%20Haiti%20earthquake.%20This%20earthquake%20was%20not%20unexpected%2C%20given%20geodetic%20measurements%20showing%20strain%20accumulation%20on%20the%20Enriquillo%20Plantain%20Garden%20Fault%20Zone%2C%20the%20major%20fault%20system%20in%20southern%20Haiti%20%28Manaker%20et%20al.%202008%29.%20GPS%20and%20INSAR%20data%20%28Calais%20et%20al.%2C%202010%29%20show%2C%20however%2C%20that%20this%20rupture%20occurred%20on%20the%20previously%20unmapped%20L%5Cu00e9og%5Cu00e2ne%20fault%2C%20a%2060%5Cu00b0%20north%20dipping%20oblique%20blind%20thrust%20located%20immediately%20north%20of%20the%20Enriquillo%20Fault.%20Following%20the%20earthquake%2C%20several%20groups%20installed%20temporary%20seismic%20stations%20to%20record%20aftershocks.%20Natural%20Resources%20Canada%20installed%20three%20broadband%20seismic%20stations%2C%20G%5Cu00e9oazur%20installed%2021%20ocean%20bottom%20seismometers%2C%20L%5Cu2019Institut%20de%20Physique%20du%20Globe%20de%20Paris%20installed%205%20broadband%20seismometers%2C%20and%20the%20United%20States%20Geological%20Survey%20deployed%2017%20short%20period%20and%20strong%20motion%20seismometers%20in%20and%20around%20Port-au-Prince.%20We%20use%20data%20from%20this%20complete%20set%20of%20stations%2C%20along%20with%20data%20from%20permanent%20regional%20stations%2C%20to%20relocate%20all%20of%20the%20events%20from%20March%2017%20to%20June%2024%2C%20to%20determine%20the%20regional%20one-dimensional%20crustal%20structure%20and%20determine%20focal%20mechanisms.%20The%20aftershock%20locations%20from%20the%20combined%20data%20set%20clearly%20delineate%20the%20L%5Cu00e9og%5Cu00e2ne%20fault.%20The%20strike%20and%20dip%20closely%20agrees%20with%20that%20of%20the%20global%20centroid%20moment%20tensor%20solution%2C%20but%20appears%20to%20be%20more%20steeply%20dipping%20than%20the%20finite%20fault%20inversions.%20The%20aftershocks%20also%20delineate%20a%20flat%20structure%20on%20the%20west%20side%20of%20the%20rupture%20zone%20and%20may%20indicate%20triggered%20seismicity%20on%20the%20Trois%20Baies%20fault%2C%20although%20the%20depths%20of%20these%20events%20are%20not%20as%20well%20constrained.%20There%20is%20no%20clear%20evidence%20for%20aftershocks%20on%20the%20other%20rupture%20segments%20inferred%20in%20the%20Hayes%20et%20al.%20%282010%29%20mainshock%20rupture%20model.%20There%20is%20a%20cluster%20of%20aftershocks%20in%20the%20hanging%20wall%20near%20the%20western%20patch%20of%20high%20slip%20identified%20by%20Calais%20et%20al.%20%282010%29%20and%20Meng%20et%20al.%20%282011%29%2C%20or%20central%20patch%20in%20the%20Hayes%20et%20al.%20%282010%29%20model.%20We%20use%20first-motion%20focal%20mechanism%20solutions%20to%20clarify%20the%20relationship%20of%20the%20fault%20geometry%20to%20the%20mechanisms%20of%20the%20larger%20events.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222012%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229VBQWZUQ%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Nowack%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Choi%2C%20Y.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Bowling%2C%20T.%20%282011%29.%20Probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20assessment%20including%20site%20effects%20for%20Evansville%2C%20Indiana%2C%20and%20the%20surrounding%20region.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20Seismological%20Society%20of%20America%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E101%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%283%29%2C%201039%26%23x2013%3B1054.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120090322%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1785%5C%2F0120090322%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20assessment%20including%20site%20effects%20for%20Evansville%2C%20Indiana%2C%20and%20the%20surrounding%20region%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bowling%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20central%20US%20has%20a%20low%20rate%20of%20seismicity%2C%20but%20because%20of%20the%20occurrence%20of%20past%20earthquakes%20such%20as%20the%201811-1812%20New%20Madrid%20events%2C%20as%20well%20as%20prehistoric%20events%20in%20the%20Wabash%20Valley%20Fault%20Zone%2C%20there%20is%20a%20significant%20seismic%20hazard.%20Evansville%2C%20Indiana%2C%20is%20one%20of%20the%20closest%20large%20urban%20areas%20to%20both%20the%20New%20Madrid%20and%20Wabash%20Valley%20Fault%20Zones.%20For%20this%20reason%2C%20it%20has%20been%20targeted%20as%20a%20priority%20region%20for%20urban%20seismic%20hazard%20assessment.%20The%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20methodology%20that%20will%20be%20used%20in%20the%20Evansville%2C%20region%20incorporates%20information%20from%20new%20surficial%20geologic%20mapping%20efforts%20on%20the%20part%20of%20the%20USGS%20and%20state%20geological%20surveys%2C%20as%20well%20as%20information%20on%20the%20depth%20and%20properties%20of%20near%20surface%20soils%20and%20their%20associated%20uncertainties.%20The%20subsurface%20information%20has%20been%20compiled%20to%20determine%20a%20depth%20dependent%20shear%20wave%20velocity%20model%20proxy%20for%20the%20major%20lithologic%20units.%20The%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20calculation%20follows%20the%20method%20used%20for%20the%20USGS%20national%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20maps%2C%20with%20the%20modification%20of%20the%20attenuation%20curves%20and%20their%20uncertainties%20based%20on%20estimates%20of%20local%20site%20conditions.%20The%20maps%20show%20deamplification%20at%20periods%20of%200.2%20seconds%20relative%20to%20the%202002%20national%20seismic%20hazard%20maps%20in%20the%20Ohio%20River%20Valley%20soils%20underlying%20most%20parts%20of%20the%20cities%20of%20Evansville%20and%20Henderson%2C%20KY%2C%20presumably%20due%20to%20nonlinearity.%20The%20Ohio%20River%20Valley%20soils%20increase%20expected%20ground%20motion%20amplitudes%20at%20periods%20of%201%20second.%20The%20peak%20ground%20acceleration%20values%20are%20not%20significantly%20affected%2C%20except%20for%20in%20localized%20lacustrine%20deposits.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1785%5C%2F0120090322%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22NBWC6AXT%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20and%20Nowack%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nowack%2C%20R.%20L.%20%282011%29.%20Earthquake%20scenario%20ground%20motions%20for%20the%20urban%20area%20of%20Evansville%2C%20Indiana.%20%3Ci%3ESeismological%20Research%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E82%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20176%26%23x2013%3B185.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Earthquake%20scenario%20ground%20motions%20for%20the%20urban%20area%20of%20Evansville%2C%20Indiana%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowack%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HVEDC372%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Choi%2C%20Y.%20S.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Nowack%2C%20R.%20L.%20%282011%29.%20Liquefaction%20hazard%20near%20the%20Ohio%20River%20from%20midwestern%20scenario%20earthquakes.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20%26amp%3B%20Engineering%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E17%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%282%29%2C%20165%26%23x2013%3B181.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Liquefaction%20hazard%20near%20the%20Ohio%20River%20from%20midwestern%20scenario%20earthquakes%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Choi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowack%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Evansville%2C%20Indiana%2C%20and%20Henderson%2C%20Kentucky%2C%20located%20on%20the%20banks%20of%20the%20Ohio%20River%2C%20are%20susceptible%20to%20liquefaction-induced%20damage%20in%20the%20event%20of%20significant%20earthquake%20shaking.%20A%20sequence%20of%20three%20earthquakes%20with%20magnitudes%20greater%20than%207%20occurred%20near%20New%20Madrid%2C%20MO%2C%20in%201811-1812%2C%20producing%20ground%20motions%20with%20Modified%20Mercalli%20Intensity%20VII%20in%20the%20Evansville-Henderson%20area%20near%20the%20Ohio%20River%2C%20180%20km%20away%20from%20the%20source.%20In%20addition%2C%20liquefaction%20evidence%20has%20been%20documented%20less%20than%2040%20km%20from%20Evansville%20from%20two%20large%20earthquakes%20that%20occurred%20within%20the%20past%2012%2C000%20years%20in%20the%20Wabash%20Valley.%20As%20a%20complement%20to%20recent%20work%20on%20the%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20analysis%20and%20scenario%20earthquake%20ground%20motions%2C%20we%20have%20calculated%20the%20liquefaction%20hazard%20within%20the%2033%20X%2042-km%282%29%20area%20containing%20Evansville%20and%20Henderson%2C%20based%20on%20scenario%20earthquakes%20from%20each%20of%20these%20source%20regions.%20Cone%20penetrometer%20test%20data%20were%20used%20to%20estimate%20the%20factor%20of%20safety%20against%20liquefaction%20at%2058%20sites%20in%20the%20study%20region.%20Liquefaction%20potential%20index%20%28LPI%29%20maps%20were%20calculated%20using%20a%20probabilistic%20method%20to%20account%20for%20the%20uncertainty%20due%20to%20spatial%20variability%20of%20soil%20profiles.%20The%20site%20response%20and%20peak%20ground%20accelerations%20for%20the%20scenario%20earthquakes%20vary%20across%20the%20study%20area%2C%20resulting%20in%20significant%20variations%20in%20LPI.%20The%20LPI%20is%20highest%20in%20the%20outwash%20terraces%20at%20the%20edges%20of%20the%20Ohio%20River%20Valley%20for%20both%20scenario%20earthquakes.%20However%2C%20the%20probability%20of%20liquefaction%20severe%20enough%20to%20produce%20lateral%20spreading%20%28LPI%20%3E%2012%29%20was%20less%20than%2020%20percent%20in%20most%20of%20the%20study%20area%20for%20both%20scenarios.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22J33PB6BR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Garrison%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EGarrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Voo%2C%20J.%2C%20Yueh%2C%20S.%20H.%2C%20M.%20S.%20Grant%2C%20A.%20G.%20Fore%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%20%282011%29.%20The%20estimation%20of%20sea%20surface%20roughness%20effects%20in%20microwave%20radiometric%20measurements%20of%20salinity%20using%20reflected%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20signals.%20%3Ci%3EIEEE%20Geoscience%20and%20Remote%20Sensing%20Letters%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3EPP%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2899%29%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B5.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1109%5C%2FLGRS.2011.2159323%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1109%5C%2FLGRS.2011.2159323%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20estimation%20of%20sea%20surface%20roughness%20effects%20in%20microwave%20radiometric%20measurements%20of%20salinity%20using%20reflected%20Global%20Navigation%20Satellite%20System%20signals%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yueh%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20S.%20Grant%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22A.%20G.%20Fore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20February%26%23x02013%3BMarch%202009%2C%20an%20airborne%20field%20campaign%20was%20conducted%20using%20the%20Passive%20Active%20L-%20and%20S-band%20%28PALS%29%20microwave%20sensor%20and%20the%20Ku-band%20Polarimetric%20Scatterometer%20to%20collect%20measurements%20of%20brightness%20temperature%20and%20near-surface%20wind%20speeds.%20Flights%20were%20conducted%20over%20a%20region%20of%20expected%20high-speed%20winds%20in%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2C%20for%20the%20purposes%20of%20algorithm%20development%20for%20sea%20surface%20salinity%20%28SSS%29%20retrievals.%20Wind%20speeds%20encountered%20during%20the%20March%202%2C%202009%2C%20flight%20ranged%20from%205%20to%2025%20m%5C%2Fs.%20The%20Global%20Positioning%20System%20%28GPS%29%20delay%20mapping%20receiver%20from%20the%20National%20Aeronautics%20and%20Space%20Administration%20%28NASA%29%20Langley%20Research%20Center%20was%20also%20flown%20to%20collect%20GPS%20signals%20reflected%20from%20the%20ocean%20surface%20and%20generate%20postcorrelation%20power-versus-delay%20measurements.%20These%20data%20were%20used%20to%20estimate%20ocean%20surface%20roughness.%20These%20estimates%20were%20found%20to%20be%20strongly%20correlated%20with%20PALS-measured%20brightness%20temperature.%20Initial%20results%20suggest%20that%20reflected%20GPS%20measurements%20made%20using%20small%20low-power%20instruments%20can%20be%20used%20to%20correct%20the%20roughness%20effects%20in%20radiometer%20brightness%20temperature%20measurements%20to%20retrieve%20accurate%20SSS.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1109%5C%2FLGRS.2011.2159323%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221545-598X%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22X664BWVE%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Frankel%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFrankel%2C%20A.%2C%20Harmsen%2C%20S.%2C%20Mueller%2C%20C.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20%282011%29.%20Seismic%20Hazard%20Maps%20for%20Haiti.%20%3Ci%3EEarthquake%20Spectra%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E27%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%28S1%29%2C%20S23%26%23x2013%3BS41.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1193%5C%2F1.3631016%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1193%5C%2F1.3631016%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Seismic%20Hazard%20Maps%20for%20Haiti%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Frankel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Harmsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mueller%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20have%20produced%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20maps%20of%20Haiti%20for%20peak%20ground%20acceleration%20and%20response%20spectral%20accelerations%20that%20include%20the%20hazard%20from%20the%20major%20crustal%20faults%2C%20subduction%20zones%2C%20and%20background%20earthquakes.%20The%20hazard%20from%20the%20Enriquillo-Plantain%20Garden%2C%20Septentrional%2C%20and%20Matheux-Neiba%20fault%20zones%20was%20estimated%20using%20fault%20slip%20rates%20determined%20from%20GPS%20measurements.%20The%20hazard%20from%20the%20subduction%20zones%20along%20the%20northern%20and%20southeastern%20coasts%20of%20Hispaniola%20was%20calculated%20from%20slip%20rates%20derived%20from%20GPS%20data%20and%20the%20overall%20plate%20motion.%20Hazard%20maps%20were%20made%20for%20a%20firm-rock%20site%20condition%20and%20for%20a%20grid%20of%20shallow%20shear-wave%20velocities%20estimated%20from%20topographic%20slope.%20The%20maps%20show%20substantial%20hazard%20throughout%20Haiti%2C%20with%20the%20highest%20hazard%20in%20Haiti%20along%20the%20Enriquillo-Plantain%20Garden%20and%20Septentrional%20fault%20zones.%20The%20Matheux-Neiba%20Fault%20exhibits%20high%20hazard%20in%20the%20maps%20for%202%25%20probability%20of%20exceedance%20in%2050%20years%2C%20although%20its%20slip%20rate%20is%20poorly%20constrained.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222011%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1193%5C%2F1.3631016%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22YNZL9BEM%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Florence%20Rabier%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFlorence%20Rabier%2C%20Aur%26%23xE9%3Blie%20Bouchard%2C%20Eric%20Brun%2C%20Alexis%20Doerenbecher%2C%20St%26%23xE9%3Bphanie%20Guedj%2C%20Vincent%20Guidard%2C%20Fatima%20Karbou%2C%20Vincent-Henri%20Peuch%2C%20El%20Amraoui%2C%20L.%2C%20Dominique%20Puech%2C%20Christophe%20Genthon%2C%20Ghislain%20Picard%2C%20Michael%20Town%2C%20Albert%20Hertzog%2C%20Fran%26%23xE7%3Bois%20Vial%2C%20Philippe%20Cocquerez%2C%20Stephen%20A.%20Cohn%2C%20Terry%20Hock%2C%20Jack%20Fox%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20Peter%20Steinle.%20%282010%29.%20The%20Concordiasi%20project%20in%20Antarctica.%20%3Ci%3EBulletin%20of%20the%20American%20Meteorological%20Society%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E91%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%281%29%2C%2069%26%23x2013%3B86.%20%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-DOIURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2F2009BAMS2764.1%27%3Ehttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1175%5C%2F2009BAMS2764.1%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20Concordiasi%20project%20in%20Antarctica%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Florence%20Rabier%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Aur%5Cu00e9lie%20Bouchard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Eric%20Brun%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Alexis%20Doerenbecher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22St%5Cu00e9phanie%20Guedj%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vincent%20Guidard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fatima%20Karbou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vincent-Henri%20Peuch%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Laaziz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22El%20Amraoui%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dominique%20Puech%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Christophe%20Genthon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ghislain%20Picard%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Michael%20Town%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Albert%20Hertzog%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fran%5Cu00e7ois%20Vial%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Philippe%20Cocquerez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Stephen%20A.%20Cohn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terry%20Hock%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jack%20Fox%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hal%20Cole%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22David%20Parsons%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jordan%20Powers%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keith%20Romberg%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joseph%20VanAndel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Terry%20Deshler%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20Mercer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jennifer%20Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Linnea%20Avallone%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lars%20Kalnajs%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20Roberto%20Mechoso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrew%20Tangborn%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Andrea%20Pellegrini%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yves%20Frenot%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jean-No%5Cu00ebl%20Th%5Cu00e9paut%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Anthony%20McNally%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gianpaolo%20Balsamo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Peter%20Steinle%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Within%20the%20framework%20of%20the%20International%20Polar%20Year%2C%20the%20Concordiasi%20project%20will%20make%5Cninnovative%20observations%20of%20the%20atmosphere%20above%20Antarctica.%20The%20most%20important%20goals%20of%5CnConcordiasi%20are%3A%5Cn%2A%20To%20enhance%20the%20accuracy%20of%20weather%20prediction%20and%20climate%20records%20in%20Antarctica%20through%5Cnthe%20assimilation%20of%20in-situ%20and%20satellite%20data%2C%20with%20an%20emphasis%20on%20data%20provided%20by%5Cnhyperspectral%20infra-red%20sounders.%20The%20focus%20will%20be%20on%20precipitation%20and%20the%20mass%20budget%20of%5Cnthe%20ice%20sheets.%20The%20improvements%20in%20dynamical%20model%20analyses%20and%20forecasts%20will%20be%20utilized%5Cnin%20chemical-transport%20models%20that%20describe%20the%20links%20between%20the%20polar%20vortex%20dynamics%20and%5Cnozone%20depletion%2C%20and%20to%20advance%20the%20understanding%20of%20the%20Earth%20system%20by%20examining%20the%5Cninteractions%20between%20Antarctica%20and%20lower%20latitudes.%5Cn%2A%20To%20improve%20our%20understanding%20of%20microphysical%20and%20dynamical%20processes%20controlling%20the%5Cnozone%20content%20of%20the%20polar%20air%20masses%2C%20by%20providing%20the%20first%20quasi-Lagrangian%20observations%20of%5Cnozone%20and%20particle%20content%20of%20air%20masses%2C%20in%20addition%20to%20an%20improved%20characterization%20of%20the%203D%5Cnpolar%20vortex%20dynamics.%20Techniques%20for%20assimilating%20these%20Lagrangian%20observations%20will%20be%5Cndeveloped.%5CnA%20major%20Concordiasi%20component%20is%20a%20field%20experiment%20during%20the%20Austral%20springs%20of%202008%20and%5Cn2009.%20The%20field%20activities%20are%20based%20on%20a%20constellation%20of%20up%20to%20eighteen%20long%20duration%5Cnstratospheric%20balloons%20deployed%20from%20the%20McMurdo%20station.%20Six%20of%20these%20balloons%20will%20carry%5CnGPS%20receivers%20and%20in-situ%20instruments%20measuring%20temperature%2C%20pressure%2C%20ozone%2C%20and%20particles.%5Cn4%5CnAll%20the%20balloons%20are%20capable%20of%20releasing%20dropsondes%20on%20demand%20for%20measuring%20atmospheric%5Cnparameters.%20Finally%2C%20radiosounding%20measurements%20are%20collected%20at%20various%20sites%2C%20including%20the%5CnConcordia%20station.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1175%5C%2F2009BAMS2764.1%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22R5K5ZWVC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Muradyan%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EMuradyan%2C%20P.%2C%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Xie%2C%20F.%2C%20Garrison%2C%20J.%20L.%2C%20Lulich%2C%20T.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Voo%2C%20J.%20%282010%29.%20GPS%5C%2FINS%20navigation%20precision%20and%20its%20effect%20on%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20retrieval%20accuracy.%20%3Ci%3EGPS%20Solutions%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E10.1007%5C%2Fs10291-010-0183%26%23x2013%3B7%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22GPS%5C%2FINS%20navigation%20precision%20and%20its%20effect%20on%20airborne%20radio%20occultation%20retrieval%20accuracy%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Muradyan%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xie%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garrison%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lulich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Voo%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A56Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22TG7RPFGD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Nowack%2C%20R.%20L.%2C%20Park%2C%20C.%20H.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Hill%2C%20J.%20%282010%29.%20Probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20estimates%20incorporating%20site%20effects%20-%20an%20example%20from%20Indiana.%20%3Ci%3EEnvironmental%20%26amp%3B%20Engineering%20Geoscience%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E16%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%284%29%2C%20369%26%23x2013%3B388.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20estimates%20incorporating%20site%20effects%20-%20an%20example%20from%20Indiana%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Nowack%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Park%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hill%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20United%20States%20Geological%20Survey%20has%20published%20probabilistic%20earthquake%20hazard%20maps%20for%20the%20United%20States%20based%20on%20the%20current%20knowledge%20of%20past%20earthquake%20activity%20and%20%20geological%20constraints%20on%20earthquake%20potential%20%28Frankel%20et%20al.%201996%2C%202002%29.%20These%20maps%20assume%20standard%20site%20conditions%20with%20S-wave%20velocities%20of%20760%20m%5C%2Fsec%20in%20the%20top%2030%20meters.%20%20For%20urban%20and%20infrastructure%20planning%20and%20long%20term%20budgeting%2C%20the%20public%20is%20interested%20in%20similar%20probabilistic%20seismic%20hazard%20maps%20that%20take%20into%20account%20near%20surface%20geological%20%20materials%2C%20that%20give%20a%20more%20realistic%20assessment%20of%20the%20actual%20conditions.%20We%20have%20implemented%20a%20probabilistic%20method%20for%20incorporating%20site%20effects%20into%20the%20USGS%20seismic%20%20hazard%20assessment%20calculation%20%28Cramer%2C%202003%29%20that%20takes%20into%20account%20the%20first%20order%20effects%20of%20the%20geologic%20conditions.%20The%20thicknesses%20of%20unconsolidated%20sediments%2C%20which%20%20play%20a%20large%20role%20in%20amplification%2C%20were%20derived%20from%20a%20P-wave%20refraction%20database%20with%20over%2013%2C000%20profiles%2C%20and%20a%20preliminary%20geology-based%20velocity%20model%20was%20constructed%20%20from%20available%20information%20on%20S-wave%20velocities.%20The%20information%20is%20averaged%20over%207.5%20minute%20quadrangles%2C%20so%20the%20associated%20uncertainties%20are%20an%20important%20input%20to%20the%20%20probabilistic%20calculation%20as%20well.%20An%20interesting%20feature%20of%20the%20preliminary%20hazard%20maps%20incorporating%20site%20effects%20is%20the%20approximate%20factor%20of%20two%20increase%20in%20the%201%20Hz%20spectral%20%20acceleration%20with%202%25%20probability%20of%20exceedence%20in%2050%20years%20for%20parts%20of%20the%20greater%20Indianapolis%20metropolitan%20region%20and%20surrounding%20parts%20of%20central%20Indiana.%20This%20effect%20is%20%20primarily%20due%20to%20the%20relatively%20thick%20sequence%20of%20unconsolidated%20sediments%20infilling%20ancient%20bedrock%20topography%20that%20has%20been%20deposited%20since%20the%20Pleistocene%20Epoch.%20As%20%20expected%2C%20the%20late%20Pleistocene%20and%20Holocene%20depositional%20systems%20of%20the%20Wabash%20and%20metropolitan%20region%20and%20surrounding%20parts%20of%20central%20Indiana.%20%20Ohio%20Rivers%20produce%20additional%20amplification%20in%20the%20southwestern%20part%20of%20Indiana.%20Ground%20motions%20decrease%20as%20would%20be%20expected%20towards%20the%20bedrock%20units%20in%20south%20central%20Indiana%20%20where%20motions%20are%20significantly%20lower%20than%20the%20values%20on%20the%20USGS%20maps.%20Given%20the%20resolution%20of%20the%20input%20data%2C%20the%20results%20are%20useful%20for%20understanding%20the%20effects%20of%20%20amplification%20on%20the%20probabilistic%20hazard%20assessment%20at%20a%20large%20scale%20and%20the%20effects%20of%20proposed%20new%20design%20guidelines%20however%2C%20site%20specific%20surveys%20are%20still%20required%20for%20%20engineering%20purposes.%20In%20particular%2C%20the%20results%20indicate%20that%20the%20number%20and%20location%20of%20individual%20counties%20that%20are%20assigned%20seismic%20hazard%20levels%20based%20on%20the%20probabilistic%20%20seismic%20hazard%20calculations%20can%20differ%20significantly%20depending%20on%20the%20methodology%20used%20for%20incorporating%20the%20site%20effects.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RKR8QQ6I%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Haase%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3E%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Dautermann%2C%20T.%2C%20Taylor%2C%20M.%20J.%2C%20Chapagain%2C%20N.%2C%20Calais%2C%20E.%2C%20%26amp%3B%20Pautet%2C%20D.%20%282010%29.%20Propagation%20of%20plasma%20bubbles%20observed%20in%20Brazil%20from%20GPS%20and%20airglow%20data.%20%3Ci%3EAdvances%20in%20Space%20Research%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3Ein%20press%3C%5C%2Fi%3E.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Propagation%20of%20plasma%20bubbles%20observed%20in%20Brazil%20from%20GPS%20and%20airglow%20data%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Dautermann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22N.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Chapagain%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Calais%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pautet%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Equatorial%20Spread-F%20is%20a%20common%20occurrence%20in%20the%20equatorial%20ionosphere%20that%20is%5Cnassociated%20with%20large%20variations%20in%20plasma%20density%20that%20often%20cause%20scintillation%20and%5Cninterference%20in%20communication%20signals.%20These%20events%20are%20known%20to%20result%20from%20Rayleigh-%5CnTaylor%20instability%2C%20but%20the%20day-to-day%20variability%20of%20their%20occurrence%20is%20not%20well%5Cnunderstood.%20The%20triggering%20mechanism%20of%20plasma%20depletions%20is%20still%20a%20matter%20of%20debate%2C%20but%5Cnmay%20be%20linked%20to%20gravity%20waves%20that%20under%20favorable%20conditions%20propagate%20to%20the%20middle%5Cnatmosphere.%20Understanding%20the%20triggering%20of%20ESF%20was%20the%20focus%20of%20the%20SpreadFEX%5Cncampaign%20near%20Brasilia%2C%20Brazil%20in%202005.%20The%20campaign%20provided%20co-located%20airglow%20and%5CnGPS%20observations%20to%20study%20the%20onset%20of%20plasma%20depletions%20and%20their%20evolution%20as%20they%5Cntraversed%20the%20region.%20Comparisons%20between%20the%20630.0%20nm%20airglow%20data%20and%20GPS%20data%5Cndemonstrate%20the%20ability%20of%20the%20compact%20dual%20frequency%20GPS%20array%20to%20detect%20the%20plasma%5Cnbubbles%20and%20retrieve%20reliable%20propagation%20characteristics%20of%20the%20depletions.%20In%20this%20case%5Cnstudy%2C%20a%20plasma%20depletion%20was%20detected%20and%20moved%20over%20the%20array%20at%20velocities%20of%2085-110%5Cnm%5C%2Fs%2C%20slowing%20as%20it%20moved%20towards%20the%20east.%20Correlation%20of%20consecutive%20airglow%20images%5Cngives%20consistent%20estimates%20of%20the%20eastward%20drift%20over%20the%20same%20time%20period.%20Mapping%20the%5Cnairglow%20data%20to%20the%20GPS%20line-of-sight%20geometry%20allows%20direct%20comparison%20and%20reveals%20a%5Cnresolvable%20westward%20tilt%20of%20the%20plasma%20depletion%20that%20may%20be%20due%20to%20vertical%20shear.%5CnHowever%2C%20in%20this%20case%20it%20appears%20that%20horizontal%20gradients%20in%20drift%20velocity%20are%20more%5Cnimportant%20than%20vertical%20shear%20in%20the%20evolution%20of%20the%20depletion.%20The%20uniqueness%20of%20this%5Cnstudy%20is%20the%20ability%20to%20resolve%20locally%20the%20characteristics%20of%20the%20plasma%20depletion%20without%5Cnrelying%20on%20assumptions%20about%20the%20mapping%20of%20the%20depletion%20along%20magnetic%20field%20lines%20to%5Cnlarge%20latitudinal%20distances.%20It%20presents%20new%20information%20for%20understanding%20ESF%5Cndevelopment%20and%20the%20development%20of%20depletions%20strong%20enough%20to%20produce%20scintillation.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A55Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22RDU3YBAP%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A9129767%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Fritts%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%202%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%3EFritts%2C%20D.%20C.%2C%20M.%20A.%20Abdu%2C%20B.%20R.%20Batista%2C%20I.%20S.%20Batista%2C%20P.%20P.%20Batista%2C%20R.%20Buriti%2C%20B.%20R.%20Clemesha%2C%20T.%20Dautermann%2C%20E.%20de%20Paula%2C%20B.%20J.%20Fechine%2C%20B.%20Fejer%2C%20D.%20Gobbi%2C%20J.%20%3Cstrong%3EHaase%3C%5C%2Fstrong%3E%2C%20F.%20Kamalabadi%2C%20B.%20Laughman%2C%20P.%20P.%20Lima%2C%20H.%20-L.%20Liu%2C%20A.%20Medeiros%2C%20D.%20Pautet%2C%20%26%23x2026%3B%20C.%20Wrasse.%20%282009%29.%20Overview%20and%20Summary%20of%20the%20Spread%20F%20Experiment%20%28SpreadFEx%29.%20%3Ci%3EAnnales%20Geophysicae%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%3Ci%3E27%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%201%26%23x2013%3B15.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Overview%20and%20Summary%20of%20the%20Spread%20F%20Experiment%20%28SpreadFEx%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22D.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fritts%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20A.%20Abdu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20R.%20Batista%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22I.%20S.%20Batista%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P.%20P.%20Batista%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22R.%20Buriti%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20R.%20Clemesha%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22T.%20Dautermann%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22E.%20de%20Paula%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20J.%20Fechine%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20Fejer%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D.%20Gobbi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20Haase%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22F.%20Kamalabadi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22B.%20Laughman%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P.%20P.%20Lima%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22H.%20-L.%20Liu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22A.%20Medeiros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D.%20Pautet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22D.%20M.%20Riggin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22F.%20Sao%20Sabbas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22J.%20H.%20A.%20Sobral%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22P.%20Stamus%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22H.%20Takahashi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22M.%20J.%20Taylor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22S.%20L.%20Vadas%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22C.%20Wrasse%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222009%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%226DQSHA39%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-09-28T17%3A04%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
Sepúlveda, I., Cao, B., Haase, J. S., & Murphy, M. J. (2023). Optimizing Simultaneous Water Level and Wave Measurements From Multi‐GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry Over 1 Year at an Exposed Coastal Site. Earth and Space Science, 10(6), e2022EA002767. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EA002767
Cao, B., Haase, J. S., Murphy, M. J., Alexander, M. J., Bramberger, M., & Hertzog, A. (2022). Equatorial waves resolved by balloon-borne Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation in the Strateole-2 campaign. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 22(23), 15379–15402. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15379-2022
Zoe Yin, H., Xu, X., Haase, J. S., Douilly, R., Sandwell, D. T., & Mercier de Lepinay, B. (2022). Surface Deformation Surrounding the 2021 Mw 7.2 Haiti Earthquake Illuminated by InSAR Observations. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120220109
Murphy, M. J., & Haase, J. S. (2022). Evaluation of GNSS Radio Occultation Profiles in the Vicinity of Atmospheric Rivers. Atmosphere, 13(9), 1495. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13091495
Sepúlveda, I., Liu, P. L. ‐F., Grigoriu, M., Haase, J. S., & Winckler, P. (2022). Non‐Stationary Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessments Compounding Tides and Sea Level Rise. Earth’s Future, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2022EF002965
Haase, J. S., Murphy, M. J., Cao, B., Ralph, F. M., Zheng, M., & Delle Monache, L. (2021). Multi-GNSS airborne radio occultation observations as a complement to dropsondes in atmospheric river reconnaissance. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 126(21), 24. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jd034865
Sepulveda, I., Haase, J. S., Liu, P. L. F., Grigoriu, M., & Winckler, P. (2021). Non-stationary probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments incorporating climate-change-driven sea level rise. Earths Future, 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021ef002007
Sheikh, I. A., Khandel, O., Soliman, M., Haase, J. S., & Jaiswal, P. (2021). Seismic fragility analysis using nonlinear autoregressive neural networks with exogenous input. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2021.1894184
Zheng, M., Delle Monache, L., Wu, X., Ralph, F. M., Cornuelle, B., Tallapragada, V., Haase, J. S., Wilson, A. M., Mazloff, M., Subramanian, A., & Cannon, F. (2020). Data gaps within atmospheric rivers over the northeastern Pacific. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 1–1. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0287.1
Sepulveda, I., Tozer, B., Haase, J. S., Liu, P. L. F., & Grigoriu, M. (2020). Modeling uncertainties of bathymetry predicted with satellite altimetry data and application to tsunami hazard assessments. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 125(9). https://doi.org/10.1029/2020jb019735
Ralph, F. M., Cannon, F., Tallapragada, V., Davis, C. A., Doyle, J. D., Pappenberger, F., Subramanian, A., Wilson, A. M., Lavers, D. A., Reynolds, C. A., Haase, J. S., Centurioni, L., Ingleby, B., Rutz, J. J., Cordeira, J. M., Zheng, M., Hecht, C., Kawzenuk, B., & Delle Monache, L. (2020). West Coast forecast challenges and development of atmospheric river reconnaissance. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0183.1
Sepúlveda, I., Haase, J. S., Carvajal, M., Xu, X., & Liu, P. L.-F. (2020). Modeling the sources of the 2018 Palu, Indonesia, tsunami using videos from social media. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, e2019JB018675. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019jb018675
Murphy, M. J., Haase, J. S., Padulles, R., Chen, S. H., & Morris, M. A. (2019). The potential for discriminating microphysical processes in numerical weather forecasts using airborne polarimetric radio occultations. Remote Sensing, 11(19). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11192268
Carvajal, M., Araya-Cornejo, C., Sepulveda, I., Melnick, D., & Haase, J. S. (2019). Nearly instantaneous tsunamis following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu earthquake. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(10), 5117–5126. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082578
Saunders, J. K., & Haase, J. S. (2018). Augmenting onshore GNSS displacements with offshore observations to improve slip characterization for Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(12), 6008–6017. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018gl078233
Xie, F. Q., Adhikari, L., Haase, J. S., Murphy, B., Wang, K. N., & Garrison, J. L. (2018). Sensitivity of airborne radio occultation to tropospheric properties over ocean and land. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 11(2), 763–780. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-763-2018
Chen, X. M., Chen, S. H., Haase, J. S., Murphy, B. J., Wang, K. N., Garrison, J. L., Chen, S. Y., Huang, C. Y., Adhikari, L., & Xie, F. (2018). The impact of airborne radio occultation observations on the simulation of Hurricane Karl (2010). Monthly Weather Review, 146(1), 329–350. https://doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-17-0001.1
Zhang, W. X., Lou, Y. D., Haase, J. S., Zhang, R., Zheng, G., Huang, J. F., Shi, C., & Liu, J. N. (2017). The Use of Ground-Based GPS Precipitable Water Measurements over China to Assess Radiosonde and ERA-Interim Moisture Trends and Errors from 1999 to 2015. Journal of Climate, 30(19), 7643–7667. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0591.1
Wang, K. N., Garrison, J. L., Haase, J. S., & Murphy, B. J. (2017). Improvements to GPS Airborne Radio Occultation in the Lower Troposphere Through Implementation of the Phase Matching Method. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 122(19), 10215–10230. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017jd026568
Saunders, J. K., Goldberg, D. E., Haase, J. S., Bock, Y., Offield, D. G., Melgar, D., Restrepo, J., Fleischman, R. B., Nema, A., Geng, J. H., Walls, C., Mann, D., & Mattioli, G. S. (2016). Seismogeodesy using GPS and low-cost MEMS accelerometers: Perspectives for earthquake early warning and rapid response. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 106(6), 2469–2489. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120160062
Zhang, W. X., Lou, Y. D., Gu, S. F., Shi, C., Haase, J. S., & Liu, J. N. (2016). Joint estimation of GPS/BDS real-time clocks and initial results. Gps Solutions, 20(4), 665–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0476-y
Adhikari, L., Xie, F. Q., & Haase, J. S. (2016). Application of the full spectrum inversion algorithm to simulated airborne GPS radio occultation signals. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 9(10), 5077–5087. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-5077-2016
Zhang, W. X., Haase, J. S., Hertzog, A., Lou, Y. D., & Vincent, R. (2016). Improvement of stratospheric balloon GPS positioning and the impact on gravity wave parameter estimation for the Concordiasi campaign in Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 121(17), 9977–9997. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jd024596
Wang, K. N., Garrison, J. L., Acikoz, U., Haase, J. S., Murphy, B. J., Muradyan, P., & Lulich, T. (2016). Open-loop tracking of rising and setting GPS radio-occultation signals from an airborne platform: Signal model and error analysis. Ieee Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 54(7), 3967–3984. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2016.2532346
Moore, A. W., Small, I. J., Gutman, S. I., Bock, Y., Dumas, J. L., Fang, P., Haase, J. S., Jackson, M. E., & Laber, J. L. (2015). National Weather Service forecasters use GPS precipitable water vapor for enhanced situational awareness during the Southern California summer monsoon. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 96(11), 1867–1877. https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00095.1
Melgar, D., Geng, J. H., Crowell, B. W., Haase, J. S., Bock, Y., Hammond, W. C., & Allen, R. M. (2015). Seismogeodesy of the 2014 M(w)6.1 Napa earthquake, California: Rapid response and modeling of fast rupture on a dipping strike-slip fault. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 120(7), 5013–5033. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015jb011921
Murphy, B. J., Haase, J. S., Muradyan, P., Garrison, J. L., & Wang, K. N. (2015). Airborne GPS radio occultation refractivity profiles observed in tropical storm environments. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 120(5), 1690–1709. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jd022931
Villamil-Otero, G., Meiszberg, R., Haase, J. S., Min, K. H., Jury, M. R., & Braun, J. J. (2015). Topographic-thermal circulations and GPS-measured moisture variability around Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. Earth Interactions, 19. https://doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-14-0022.1
Haase, J. S., Murphy, B. J., Muradyan, P., Nievinski, F. G., Larson, K. M., Garrison, J. L., & Wang, K. N. (2014). First results from an airborne GPS radio occultation system for atmospheric profiling. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(5), 1759–1765. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058681
Crowell, B. W., Melgar, D., Bock, Y., Haase, J. S., & Geng, J. H. (2013). Earthquake magnitude scaling using seismogeodetic data. Geophysical Research Letters, 40(23), 6089–6094. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013gl058391
Symithe, S. J., Calais, E., Haase, J. S., Freed, A. M., & Douilly, R. (2013). Coseismic slip distribution of the 2010 m 7.0 Haiti earthquake and resulting stress changes on regional faults. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(4), 2326–2343. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120306
Douilly, R., Haase, J. S., Ellsworth, W. L., Bouin, M. P., Calais, E., Symithe, S. J., Armbruster, J. G., de Lepinay, B. M., Deschamps, A., Mildor, S. L., Meremonte, M. E., & Hough, S. E. (2013). Crustal structure and fault geometry of the 2010 Haiti earthquake from temporary seismometer deployments. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(4), 2305–2325. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120120303
Geng, J. H., Bock, Y., Melgar, D., Crowell, B. W., & Haase, J. S. (2013). A new seismogeodetic approach applied to GPS and accelerometer observations of the 2012 Brawley seismic swarm: Implications for earthquake early warning. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, 14(7), 2124–2142. https://doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20144
Melgar, D., Crowell, B. W., Bock, Y., & Haase, J. S. (2013). Rapid modeling of the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku-oki earthquake with seismogeodesy. Geophysical Research Letters, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50590
Bowling, T., Calais, E., & Haase, J. S. (2013). Detection and modelling of the ionospheric perturbation caused by a Space Shuttle launch using a network of ground-based Global Positioning System stations. Geophysical Journal International, 192(3), 1324–1331. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggs101
Evans, C., Archambault, H. M., Cordeira, J. M., Fritz, C., Galarneau Jr., T. J., Gjorjievska, S., Griffin, K. S., Johnson, A., Komaromi, W. A., Monette, S., Muradyan, P., Murphy, B., Riemer, M., Sears, J., Stern, D., Tang, B., & Thompson, S. (2012). The Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign: Perspectives of early career scientists. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92(9), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00024.1
Muradyan, P., Haase, J. S., Acikoz, U., Garrison, J. L., Xie, F., Lulich, T., & Ventre, B. D. (2012). Profiling the atmosphere with the airborne GPS radio occultation technique using open-loop tracking. Journal of Geophysical Research, draft-to be submitted, 59 pages.
Montgomery, M. T., Davis, C., Dunkerton, T. J., Wang, Z., Velden, C., Torn, R., Majumdar, S., Zhang, F., Smith, R. K., Bosart, L., Bell, M. M., Haase, J. S., Heymsfield, A., Jensen, J., Campos, T., & Boothe, M. A. (2012). The Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) Experiment: Scientific basis, new analysis tools and some first results. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 92(9), 153–172. https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00046.1
Haase, J. S., Maldonado-Vargas, J., Rabier, F., Cocquerez, P., Minois, M., Guidard, V., Wyss, P., & Johnson, A. V. (2012). A Proof-of-Concept Balloon-borne GPS Radio Occultation Profiling System for Polar Studies. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(2), doi:10.1029/2011GL049982. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL049982
Douilly, R., Haase, J. S., Ellsworth, W. L., Bouin, M.-P., Calais, E., Symithe, S., Armbruster, J. G., Mercier De Lepinay, B. F., Deschamps, A., Saint-Louis, M., Meremonte, M. E., & Hough, S. E. (2012). Improving the resolution of the 2010 Haiti earthquake fault geometry using temporary seismometer deployments. Bull. Seis. Soc. Am, submitted.
Haase, J. S., Nowack, R. L., Choi, Y. S., & Bowling, T. (2011). Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment including site effects for Evansville, Indiana, and the surrounding region. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 101(3), 1039–1054. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090322
Haase, J. S., & Nowack, R. L. (2011). Earthquake scenario ground motions for the urban area of Evansville, Indiana. Seismological Research Letters, 82(2), 176–185.
Haase, J. S., Choi, Y. S., & Nowack, R. L. (2011). Liquefaction hazard near the Ohio River from midwestern scenario earthquakes. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 17(2), 165–181.
Garrison, J. L., Voo, J., Yueh, S. H., M. S. Grant, A. G. Fore, & Haase, J. S. (2011). The estimation of sea surface roughness effects in microwave radiometric measurements of salinity using reflected Global Navigation Satellite System signals. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, PP(99), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2011.2159323
Frankel, A., Harmsen, S., Mueller, C., Calais, E., & Haase, J. (2011). Seismic Hazard Maps for Haiti. Earthquake Spectra, 27(S1), S23–S41. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3631016
Florence Rabier, Aurélie Bouchard, Eric Brun, Alexis Doerenbecher, Stéphanie Guedj, Vincent Guidard, Fatima Karbou, Vincent-Henri Peuch, El Amraoui, L., Dominique Puech, Christophe Genthon, Ghislain Picard, Michael Town, Albert Hertzog, François Vial, Philippe Cocquerez, Stephen A. Cohn, Terry Hock, Jack Fox, … Peter Steinle. (2010). The Concordiasi project in Antarctica. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 91(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1175/2009BAMS2764.1
Muradyan, P., Haase, J. S., Xie, F., Garrison, J. L., Lulich, T., & Voo, J. (2010). GPS/INS navigation precision and its effect on airborne radio occultation retrieval accuracy. GPS Solutions, 10.1007/s10291-010-0183–7.
Haase, J. S., Nowack, R. L., Park, C. H., & Hill, J. (2010). Probabilistic seismic hazard estimates incorporating site effects - an example from Indiana. Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, 16(4), 369–388.
Haase, J. S., Dautermann, T., Taylor, M. J., Chapagain, N., Calais, E., & Pautet, D. (2010). Propagation of plasma bubbles observed in Brazil from GPS and airglow data. Advances in Space Research, in press.
Fritts, D. C., M. A. Abdu, B. R. Batista, I. S. Batista, P. P. Batista, R. Buriti, B. R. Clemesha, T. Dautermann, E. de Paula, B. J. Fechine, B. Fejer, D. Gobbi, J. Haase, F. Kamalabadi, B. Laughman, P. P. Lima, H. -L. Liu, A. Medeiros, D. Pautet, … C. Wrasse. (2009). Overview and Summary of the Spread F Experiment (SpreadFEx). Annales Geophysicae, 27, 1–15.